PACS numbers
01.00.00 Communication, education, history, and philosophy
- 01.10.−m Announcements, news, and organizational activities
- 01.10.Cr Announcements, news, and awards
- 01.10.Fv Conferences, lectures, and institutes
- 01.10.Hx Physics organizational activities
- 01.30.−y Physics literature and publications
- 01.30.Bb Publications of lectures (advanced institutes, summer schools, etc.)
- 01.30.Cc Conference proceedings
- 01.30.Ee Monographs and collections
- 01.30.Kj Handbooks, dictionaries, tables, and data compilations
- 01.30.M− Textbooks
- 01.30.Mm Textbooks for graduates and researchers
- 01.30.Os Books of general interest to physics teachers
- 01.30.Rr Surveys and tutorial papers; resource letters
- 01.30.Tt Bibliographies
- 01.30.Vv Book reviews
- 01.30.Ww Editorials
- 01.30.mm Textbooks for graduates and researchers
- 01.40.−d Education
- 01.40.Di Course design and evaluation
- 01.40.E− Science in school
- 01.40.Ha Learning theory and science teaching
- 01.40.gb Teaching methods and strategies
- 01.40.gf Theory of testing and techniques
- 01.50.−i Educational aids
- 01.50.Fr Audio and visual aids, films
- 01.50.H− Computers in education
- 01.50.My Demonstration experiments and apparatus
- 01.50.Pa Laboratory experiments and apparatus
- 01.50.Qb Laboratory course design, organization, and evaluation
- 01.50.ht Instructional computer use
- 01.52.+r National and international laboratory facilities
- 01.55.+b General physics
- 01.60.+q Biographies, tributes, personal notes, and obituaries
- 01.65.+g History of science
- 01.70.+w Philosophy of science
- 01.75.+m Science and society
- 01.78.+p Science and government (funding, politics, etc.)
- 01.90.+g Other topics of general interest
02.00.00 Mathematical methods in physics
- 02.10.−v Logic, set theory, and algebra
- 02.10.Ox Combinatorics; graph theory
- 02.10.Ud Linear algebra
- 02.10.Yn Matrix theory
- 02.20.−a Group theory
- 02.20.Qs General properties, structure, and representation of Lie groups
- 02.20.Sv Lie algebras of Lie groups
- 02.20.Uw Quantum groups
- 02.30.−f Function theory, analysis
- 02.30.Em Potential theory
- 02.30.Gp Special functions
- 02.30.Hq Ordinary differential equations
- 02.30.Ik Integrable systems
- 02.30.Jr Partial differential equations
- 02.30.Mv Approximations and expansions
- 02.30.Nw Fourier analysis
- 02.30.Px Abstract harmonic analysis
- 02.30.Rz Integral equations
- 02.30.Tb Operator theory
- 02.30.Uu Integral transforms
- 02.30.Yy Control theory
- 02.30.Zz Inverse problems
- 02.40.−k Geometry, differential geometry, and topology
- 02.40.Dr Euclidean and projective geometries
- 02.40.Hw Classical differential geometry
- 02.40.Ky Riemannian geometries
- 02.40.Pc General topology
- 02.40.Re Algebraic topology
- 02.40.Sf Manifolds and cell complexes
- 02.40.Vh Global analysis and analysis on manifolds
- 02.40.Xx Singularity theory
- 02.50.−r Probability theory, stochastic processes, and statistics
- 02.50.Cw Probability theory
- 02.50.Ey Stochastic processes
- 02.50.Fz Stochastic analysis
- 02.50.Ga Markov processes
- 02.50.Ng Distribution theory and Monte Carlo studies
- 02.60.−x Numerical approximation and analysis
- 02.60.Cb Numerical simulation; solution of equations
- 02.60.Ed Interpolation; curve fitting
- 02.70.−c Computational techniques; simulations
- 02.70.Jn Collocation methods
- 02.70.Ns Molecular dynamics and particle methods
- 02.70.Rr General statistical methods
- 02.70.Ss Quantum Monte Carlo methods
- 02.70.Uu Applications of Monte Carlo methods
- 02.90.+p Other topics in mathematical methods in physics
03.00.00 Quantum mechanics, field theories, and special relativity
- 03.30.+p Special relativity
- 03.50.−z Classical field theories
- 03.50.De Classical electromagnetism, Maxwell equations
- 03.50.Kk Other special classical field theories
- 03.65.−w Quantum mechanics
- 03.65.Ca Formalism
- 03.65.Db Functional analytical methods
- 03.65.Fd Algebraic methods
- 03.65.Ge Solutions of wave equations: bound states
- 03.65.Nk Scattering theory
- 03.65.Pm Relativistic wave equations
- 03.65.Sq Semiclassical theories and applications
- 03.65.Ta Foundations of quantum mechanics; measurement theory
- 03.65.Ud Entanglement and quantum nonlocality
- 03.65.Vf Phases: geometric; dynamic or topological
- 03.65.Xp Tunneling, traversal time, quantum Zeno dynamics
- 03.65.Yz Decoherence; open systems; quantum statistical methods
- 03.67.−a Quantum information
- 03.67.Bg Entanglement production and manipulation
- 03.67.Dd Quantum cryptography and communication security
- 03.67.Lx Quantum computation architectures and implementations
- 03.70.+k Theory of quantized fields
- 03.75.−b Matter waves
- 03.75.Be Atom and neutron optics
- 03.75.Dg Atom and neutron interferometry
- 03.75.Hh Static properties of condensates; thermodynamical, statistical, and structural properties
- 03.75.Kk Dynamic properties of condensates; collective and hydrodynamic excitations, superfluid flow
- 03.75.Lm Tunneling, Josephson effect, Bose-Einstein condensates in periodic potentials, solitons, vortices, and topological excitations
- 03.75.Nt Other Bose-Einstein condensation phenomena
- 03.75.Ss Degenerate Fermi gases
04.00.00 General relativity and gravitation
- 04.20.−q Classical general relativity
- 04.20.Cv Fundamental problems and general formalism
- 04.20.Dw Singularities and cosmic censorship
- 04.20.Fy Canonical formalism, Lagrangians, and variational principles
- 04.20.Gz Spacetime topology, causal structure, spinor structure
- 04.20.Jb Exact solutions
- 04.25.Nx Post-Newtonian approximation; perturbation theory; related approximations
- 04.25.dg Numerical studies of black holes and black-hole binaries
- 04.30.−w Gravitational waves
- 04.30.Db Wave generation and sources
- 04.30.Nk Wave propagation and interactions
- 04.30.Tv Gravitational-wave astrophysics
- 04.40.−b Self-gravitating systems; continuous media and classical fields in curved spacetime
- 04.40.Dg Relativistic stars: structure, stability, and oscillations
- 04.50.+h Gravity in more than four dimensions, Kaluza-Klein theory, unified field theories; alternative theories of gravity
- 04.50.−h Higher-dimensional gravity and other theories of gravity
- 04.50.Gh Higher-dimensional black holes, black strings, and related objects
- 04.50.Kd Modified theories of gravity
- 04.60.−m Quantum gravity
- 04.60.Bc Phenomenology of quantum gravity
- 04.60.Ds Canonical quantization
- 04.60.Gw Covariant and sum-over-histories quantization
- 04.62.+v Quantum fields in curved spacetime
- 04.65.+e Supergravity
- 04.70.−s Physics of black holes
- 04.70.Bw Classical black holes
- 04.70.Dy Quantum aspects of black holes, evaporation, thermodynamics
- 04.80.−y Experimental studies of gravity
- 04.80.Cc Experimental tests of gravitational theories
- 04.80.Nn Gravitational wave detectors and experiments
05.00.00 Statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems
- 05.10.Cc Renormalization group methods
- 05.10.Gg Stochastic analysis methods (Fokker-Planck, Langevin, etc.)
- 05.10.Ln Monte Carlo methods
- 05.20.−y Classical statistical mechanics
- 05.20.Dd Kinetic theory
- 05.20.Gg Classical ensemble theory
- 05.20.Jj Statistical mechanics of classical fluids
- 05.30.−d Quantum statistical mechanics
- 05.30.Ch Quantum ensemble theory
- 05.30.Fk Fermion systems and electron gas
- 05.30.Jp Boson systems
- 05.40.−a Fluctuation phenomena, random processes, noise, and Brownian motion
- 05.40.Ca Noise
- 05.40.Fb Random walks and Levy flights
- 05.40.Jc Brownian motion
- 05.45.−a Nonlinear dynamics and chaos
- 05.45.Ac Low-dimensional chaos
- 05.45.Df Fractals
- 05.45.Mt Quantum chaos; semiclassical methods
- 05.45.Ra Coupled map lattices
- 05.45.Tp Time series analysis
- 05.45.Xt Synchronization; coupled oscillators
- 05.45.Yv Solitons
- 05.50.+q Lattice theory and statistics
- 05.60.−k Transport processes
- 05.60.Gg Quantum transport
- 05.65.+b Self-organized systems
- 05.70.−a Thermodynamics
- 05.70.Ce Thermodynamic functions and equations of state
- 05.70.Fh Phase transitions: general studies
- 05.70.Ln Nonequilibrium and irreversible thermodynamics
- 05.70.Np Interface and surface thermodynamics
- 05.90.+m Other topics in statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems
06.00.00 Metrology, measurements, and laboratory procedures
- 06.20.−f Metrology
- 06.20.Dk Measurement and error theory
- 06.20.Fn Units and standards
- 06.20.Jr Determination of fundamental constants
- 06.20.fb Standards and calibration
- 06.30.−k Measurements common to several branches of physics and astronomy
- 06.30.Bp Spatial dimensions (e.g., position, lengths, volume, angles, and displacements)
- 06.30.Dr Mass and density
- 06.30.Ft Time and frequency
- 06.60.Jn High-speed techniques (microsecond to femtosecond)
07.00.00 Instruments, apparatus, and components common to several branches of physics and astronomy
- 07.05.−t Computers in experimental physics
- 07.05.Bx Computer systems: hardware, operating systems, computer languages, and utilities
- 07.05.Fb Design of experiments
- 07.05.Hd Data acquisition: hardware and software
- 07.05.Kf Data analysis: algorithms and implementation; data management
- 07.05.Mh Neural networks, fuzzy logic, artificial intelligence
- 07.05.Tp Computer modeling and simulation
- 07.05.Wr Computer interfaces
- 07.07.−a General equipment
- 07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
- 07.07.Hj Display and recording equipment, oscilloscopes, TV cameras, etc.
- 07.07.Mp Transducers
- 07.10.−h Mechanical instruments and equipment
- 07.10.Pz Instruments for strain, force, and torque
- 07.20.−n Thermal instruments and apparatus
- 07.20.Dt Thermometers
- 07.20.Hy Furnaces; heaters
- 07.20.Ka High-temperature instrumentation; pyrometers
- 07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment
- 07.20.Pe Heat engines; heat pumps; heat pipes
- 07.30.−t Vacuum apparatus
- 07.30.Cy Vacuum pumps
- 07.35.+k High-pressure apparatus; shock tubes; diamond anvil cells
- 07.50.−e Electrical and electronic instruments and components
- 07.50.Ek Circuits and circuit components
- 07.55.−w Magnetic instruments and components
- 07.55.Db Generation of magnetic fields; magnets
- 07.55.Ge Magnetometers for magnetic field measurements
- 07.55.Jg Magnetometers for susceptibility, magnetic moment, and magnetization measurements
- 07.57.−c Infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave instruments and equipment
- 07.57.Kp Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors
- 07.57.Pt Submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave spectrometers; magnetic resonance spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
- 07.57.Ty Infrared spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
- 07.60.−j Optical instruments and equipment
- 07.60.Dq Photometers, radiometers, and colorimeters
- 07.60.Hv Refractometers and reflectometers
- 07.60.Ly Interferometers
- 07.60.Pb Conventional optical microscopes
- 07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers
- 07.60.Vg Fiber-optic instruments
- 07.68.+m Photography, photographic instruments; xerography
- 07.75.+h Mass spectrometers
- 07.77.−n Atomic, molecular, and charged-particle sources and detectors
- 07.77.Gx Atomic and molecular beam sources and detectors
- 07.77.Ka Charged-particle beam sources and detectors
- 07.78.+s Electron, positron, and ion microscopes; electron diffractometers
- 07.79.−v Scanning probe microscopes and components
- 07.79.Cz Scanning tunneling microscopes
- 07.79.Fc Near-field scanning optical microscopes
- 07.81.+a Electron and ion spectrometers
- 07.85.−m X- and γ-ray instruments
- 07.85.Fv X- and γ-ray sources, mirrors, gratings, and detectors
- 07.85.Nc X-ray and γ-ray spectrometers
- 07.85.Tt X-ray microscopes
- 07.87.+v Spaceborne and space research instruments, apparatus, and components
- 07.89.+b Environmental effects on instruments
- 07.90.+c Other topics in instruments, apparatus, and components common to several branches of physics and astronomy
11.00.00 General theory of fields and particles
- 11.10.−z Field theory
- 11.10.Cd Axiomatic approach
- 11.10.Ef Lagrangian and Hamiltonian approach
- 11.10.Gh Renormalization
- 11.10.Hi Renormalization group evolution of parameters
- 11.10.Jj Asymptotic problems and properties
- 11.10.Kk Field theories in dimensions other than four
- 11.10.Lm Nonlinear or nonlocal theories and models
- 11.10.St Bound and unstable states; Bethe-Salpeter equations
- 11.10.Wx Finite-temperature field theory
- 11.15.−q Gauge field theories
- 11.15.Bt General properties of perturbation theory
- 11.15.Ex Spontaneous breaking of gauge symmetries
- 11.15.Ha Lattice gauge theory
- 11.15.Kc Classical and semiclassical techniques
- 11.15.Pg Expansions for large numbers of components (e.g., 1/Nc expansions)
- 11.15.Yc Chern-Simons gauge theory
- 11.25.−w Strings and branes
- 11.25.Db Properties of perturbation theory
- 11.25.Hf Conformal field theory, algebraic structures
- 11.25.Mj Compactification and four-dimensional models
- 11.25.Wx String and brane phenomenology
- 11.27.+d Extended classical solutions; cosmic strings, domain walls, texture
- 11.30.−j Symmetry and conservation laws
- 11.30.Cp Lorentz and Poincaré invariance
- 11.30.Er Charge conjugation, parity, time reversal, and other discrete symmetries
- 11.30.Fs Global symmetries (e.g., baryon number, lepton number)
- 11.30.Ly Other internal and higher symmetries
- 11.30.Na Nonlinear and dynamical symmetries (spectrum-generating symmetries)
- 11.30.Pb Supersymmetry
- 11.30.Qc Spontaneous and radiative symmetry breaking
- 11.30.Rd Chiral symmetries
- 11.40.Ex Formal properties of current algebras
- 11.40.Ha Partially conserved axial-vector currents
- 11.55.−m S-matrix theory; analytic structure of amplitudes
- 11.55.Bq Analytic properties of S matrix
- 11.55.Fv Dispersion relations
- 11.55.Hx Sum rules
- 11.55.Jy Regge formalism
- 11.80.−m Relativistic scattering theory
- 11.80.Cr Kinematical properties (helicity and invariant amplitudes, kinematic singularities, etc.)
- 11.80.Et Partial-wave analysis
- 11.80.Jy Many-body scattering and Faddeev equation
- 11.90.+t Other topics in general theory of fields and particles
12.00.00 Specific theories and interaction models; particle systematics
- 12.10.−g Unified field theories and models
- 12.10.Dm Unified theories and models of strong and electroweak interactions
- 12.10.Kt Unification of couplings; mass relations
- 12.15.−y Electroweak interactions
- 12.15.Ff Quark and lepton masses and mixing
- 12.15.Lk Electroweak radiative corrections
- 12.15.Mm Neutral currents
- 12.20.−m Quantum electrodynamics
- 12.20.Ds Specific calculations
- 12.20.Fv Experimental tests
- 12.38.−t Quantum chromodynamics
- 12.38.Aw General properties of QCD (dynamics, confinement, etc.)
- 12.38.Bx Perturbative calculations
- 12.38.Gc Lattice QCD calculations
- 12.38.Mh Quark-gluon plasma
- 12.38.Qk Experimental tests
- 12.39.−x Phenomenological quark models
- 12.39.Ba Bag model
- 12.39.Dc Skyrmions
- 12.39.Fe Chiral Lagrangians
- 12.39.Jh Nonrelativistic quark model
- 12.39.Mk Glueball and nonstandard multi-quark/gluon states
- 12.39.Pn Potential models
- 12.40.−y Other models for strong interactions
- 12.40.Ee Statistical models
- 12.40.Nn Regge theory, duality, absorptive/optical models
- 12.40.Yx Hadron mass models and calculations
- 12.60.−i Models beyond the standard model
- 12.90.+b Miscellaneous theoretical ideas and models
13.00.00 Specific reactions and phenomenology
- 13.15.+g Neutrino interactions
- 13.20.−v Leptonic, semileptonic, and radiative decays of mesons
- 13.20.Cz Decays of π mesons
- 13.20.Eb Decays of K mesons
- 13.20.Gd Decays of J/ψ, Υ, and other quarkonia
- 13.20.He Decays of bottom mesons
- 13.20.Jf Decays of other mesons
- 13.25.Cq Decays of π mesons
- 13.25.Es Decays of K mesons
- 13.25.Ft Decays of charmed mesons
- 13.25.Gv Decays of J/ψ, Υ, and other quarkonia
- 13.25.Hw Decays of bottom mesons
- 13.25.Jx Decays of other mesons
- 13.30.−a Decays of baryons
- 13.30.Ce Leptonic, semileptonic, and radiative decays
- 13.30.Eg Hadronic decays
- 13.35.−r Decays of leptons
- 13.35.Bv Decays of muons
- 13.40.−f Electromagnetic processes and properties
- 13.40.Em Electric and magnetic moments
- 13.40.Gp Electromagnetic form factors
- 13.40.Hq Electromagnetic decays
- 13.40.Ks Electromagnetic corrections to strong- and weak-interaction processes
- 13.60.−r Photon and charged-lepton interactions with hadrons
- 13.60.Fz Elastic and Compton scattering
- 13.60.Hb Total and inclusive cross sections (including deep-inelastic processes)
- 13.60.Le Meson production
- 13.60.Rj Baryon production
- 13.66.−a Lepton-lepton interactions
- 13.66.Bc Hadron production in e−e+ interactions
- 13.66.De Lepton production in e−e+ interactions
- 13.66.Jn Precision measurements in e−e+ interactions
- 13.75.−n Hadron-induced low- and intermediate-energy reactions and scattering
- 13.75.Cs Nucleon-nucleon interactions
- 13.75.Ev Hyperon-nucleon interactions
- 13.75.Gx Pion-baryon interactions
- 13.75.Jz Kaon-baryon interactions
- 13.75.Lb Meson-meson interactions
- 13.85.−t Hadron-induced high- and super-high-energy interactions
- 13.85.Dz Elastic scattering
- 13.85.Fb Inelastic scattering: two-particle final states
- 13.85.Hd Inelastic scattering: many-particle final states
- 13.85.Lg Total cross sections
- 13.85.Ni Inclusive production with identified hadrons
- 13.85.Qk Inclusive production with identified leptons, photons, or other nonhadronic particles
- 13.85.Tp Cosmic-ray interactions
- 13.87.Ce Production
- 13.88.+e Polarization in interactions and scattering
- 13.90.+i Other topics in specific reactions and phenomenology of elementary particles
14.00.00 Properties of specific particles
- 14.20.−c Baryons
- 14.20.Dh Protons and neutrons
- 14.20.Gk Baryon resonances (S=C=B=0)
- 14.20.Jn Hyperons
- 14.20.Pt Exotic baryons
- 14.40.−n Mesons
- 14.40.Aq pi, K, and eta mesons
- 14.40.Cs Other mesons with S=C=0, mass < 2.5 GeV
- 14.40.Ev Other strange mesons
- 14.40.Gx Mesons with S=C=B=0, mass > 2.5 GeV (including quarkonia)
- 14.40.Lb Charmed mesons (|C|>0, B=0)
- 14.40.Nd Bottom mesons (|B|>0)
- 14.60.−z Leptons
- 14.60.Cd Electrons (including positrons)
- 14.60.Ef Muons
- 14.60.Fg Taus
- 14.60.Lm Ordinary neutrinos
- 14.60.Pq Neutrino mass and mixing
- 14.60.St Non-standard-model neutrinos, right-handed neutrinos, etc.
- 14.65.−q Quarks
- 14.65.Dw Charmed quarks
- 14.65.Fy Bottom quarks
- 14.65.Ha Top quarks
- 14.70.Bh Photons
- 14.70.Dj Gluons
- 14.70.Fm W bosons
- 14.70.Hp Z bosons
- 14.80.−j Other particles (including hypothetical)
- 14.80.Cp Non-standard-model Higgs bosons
- 14.80.Hv Magnetic monopoles
- 14.80.Ly Supersymmetric partners of known particles
- 14.80.Mz Axions and other Nambu-Goldstone bosons (Majorons, familons, etc.)
- 14.80.Nb Neutralinos and charginos
21.00.00 Nuclear structure
- 21.10.−k Properties of nuclei; nuclear energy levels
- 21.10.Dr Binding energies and masses
- 21.10.Ft Charge distribution
- 21.10.Gv Nucleon distributions and halo features
- 21.10.Hw Spin, parity, and isobaric spin
- 21.10.Jx Spectroscopic factors and asymptotic normalization coefficients
- 21.10.Ky Electromagnetic moments
- 21.10.Ma Level density
- 21.10.Pc Single-particle levels and strength functions
- 21.10.Re Collective levels
- 21.10.Tg Lifetimes, widths
- 21.30.−x Nuclear forces
- 21.30.Fe Forces in hadronic systems and effective interactions
- 21.45.+v Few-body systems
- 21.45.−v Few-body systems
- 21.60.−n Nuclear structure models and methods
- 21.60.Cs Shell model
- 21.60.Ev Collective models
- 21.60.Fw Models based on group theory
- 21.60.Gx Cluster models
- 21.65.+f Nuclear matter
- 21.80.+a Hypernuclei
- 21.90.+f Other topics in nuclear structure
23.00.00 Radioactive decay and in-beam spectroscopy
- 23.20.−g Electromagnetic transitions
- 23.20.En Angular distribution and correlation measurements
- 23.20.Js Multipole matrix elements
- 23.20.Lv γ transitions and level energies
- 23.20.Nx Internal conversion and extranuclear effects (including Auger electrons and internal bremsstrahlung)
- 23.40.−s β decay; double β decay; electron and muon capture
- 23.40.Bw Weak-interaction and lepton
- 23.40.Hc Relation with nuclear matrix elements and nuclear structure
- 23.50.+z Decay by proton emission
- 23.60.+e α decay
- 23.90.+w Other topics in radioactive decay and in-beam spectroscopy
24.00.00 Nuclear reactions: general
- 24.10.−i Nuclear reaction models and methods
- 24.10.Cn Many-body theory
- 24.10.Ht Optical and diffraction models
- 24.10.Nz Hydrodynamic models
- 24.10.Pa Thermal and statistical models
- 24.30.Cz Giant resonances
- 24.50.+g Direct reactions
- 24.60.−k Statistical theory and fluctuations
- 24.60.Dr Statistical compound-nucleus reactions
- 24.60.Ky Fluctuation phenomena
- 24.60.Lz Chaos in nuclear systems
- 24.70.+s Polarization phenomena in reactions
- 24.75.+i General properties of fission
- 24.85.+p Quarks, gluons, and QCD in nuclear reactions
25.00.00 Nuclear reactions: specific reactions
- 25.20.−x Photonuclear reactions
- 25.20.Dc Photon absorption and scattering
- 25.30.−c Lepton-induced reactions
- 25.30.Dh Inelastic electron scattering to specific states
- 25.30.Mr Muon-induced reactions (including the EMC effect)
- 25.40.−h Nucleon-induced reactions
- 25.40.Cm Elastic proton scattering
- 25.40.Dn Elastic neutron scattering
- 25.40.Ep Inelastic proton scattering
- 25.40.Fq Inelastic neutron scattering
- 25.40.Hs Transfer reactions
- 25.40.Kv Charge-exchange reactions
- 25.40.Lw Radiative capture
- 25.45.−z 2H-induced reactions
- 25.45.De Elastic and inelastic scattering
- 25.45.Hi Transfer reactions
- 25.45.Kk Charge-exchange reactions
- 25.55.−e 3H-, 3He-, and 4He-induced reactions
- 25.55.Ci Elastic and inelastic scattering
- 25.60.Pj Fusion reactions
- 25.70.−z Low and intermediate energy heavy-ion reactions
- 25.70.De Coulomb excitation
- 25.70.Hi Transfer reactions
- 25.70.Kk Charge-exchange reactions
- 25.75.−q Relativistic heavy-ion collisions
- 25.75.Nq Quark deconfinement, quark-gluon plasma production, and phase transitions
- 25.80.−e Meson- and hyperon-induced reactions
- 25.80.Dj Pion elastic scattering
- 25.80.Gn Pion charge-exchange reactions
- 25.80.Hp Pion-induced reactions
- 25.80.Nv Kaon-induced reactions
- 25.85.−w Fission reactions
- 25.85.Ca Spontaneous fission
- 25.85.Ec Neutron-induced fission
- 25.85.Ge Charged-particle-induced fission
- 25.85.Jg Photofission
26.00.00 Nuclear astrophysics
- 26.30.−k Nucleosynthesis in novae, supernovae, and other explosive environments
- 26.35.+c Big Bang nucleosynthesis
- 26.50.+x Nuclear physics aspects of novae, supernovae, and other explosive environments
- 26.60.+c Nuclear matter aspects of neutron stars
- 26.60.−c Nuclear matter aspects of neutron stars
- 26.65.+t Solar neutrinos
27.00.00 Properties of specific nuclei listed by mass ranges
- 27.10.+h A ≤ 5
- 27.20.+n 6 ≤ A ≤ 19
- 27.30.+t 20 ≤ A ≤ 38
- 27.50.+e 59 ≤ A ≤ 89
- 27.60.+j 90 ≤ A ≤ 149
- 27.80.+w 190 ≤ A ≤ 219
- 27.90.+b A ≥ 220
28.00.00 Nuclear engineering and nuclear power studies
- 28.20.−v Neutron physics
- 28.20.Cz Neutron scattering
- 28.20.Gd Neutron transport: diffusion and moderation
- 28.41.−i Fission reactors
- 28.41.Ak Theory, design, and computerized simulation
- 28.41.Bm Fuel elements, preparation, reloading, and reprocessing
- 28.41.Kw Radioactive wastes, waste disposal
- 28.41.My Reactor control systems
- 28.41.Pa Moderators
- 28.41.Te Protection systems, safety, radiation monitoring, accidents, and dismantling
- 28.50.−k Fission reactor types
- 28.50.Dr Research reactors
- 28.50.Ft Fast and breeder reactors
- 28.52.−s Fusion reactors
- 28.52.Av Theory, design, and computerized simulation
- 28.52.Cx Fueling, heating and ignition
- 28.60.+s Isotope separation and enrichment
- 28.70.+y Nuclear explosions
- 28.90.+i Other topics in nuclear engineering and nuclear power studies
29.00.00 Experimental methods and instrumentation for elementary-particle and nuclear physics
- 29.17.+w Electrostatic, collective, and linear accelerators
- 29.20.−c Accelerators
- 29.20.D− Cyclic accelerators and storage rings
- 29.20.Dh Storage rings
- 29.20.Fj Betatrons
- 29.20.Hm Cyclotrons
- 29.20.Lq Synchrotrons
- 29.20.db Storage rings and colliders
- 29.25.Bx Electron sources
- 29.25.Dz Neutron sources
- 29.25.Ni Ion sources: positive and negative
- 29.25.Rm Sources of radioactive nuclei
- 29.27.−a Beams in particle accelerators
- 29.27.Ac Beam injection and extraction
- 29.27.Bd Beam dynamics; collective effects and instabilities
- 29.27.Fh Beam characteristics
- 29.27.Hj Polarized beams
- 29.30.−h Spectrometers and spectroscopic techniques
- 29.30.Hs Neutron spectroscopy
- 29.40.−n Radiation detectors
- 29.40.Cs Gas-filled counters: ionization chambers, proportional, and avalanche counters
- 29.40.Gx Tracking and position-sensitive detectors
- 29.40.Ka Cherenkov detectors
- 29.40.Mc Scintillation detectors
- 29.40.Rg Nuclear emulsions
- 29.40.Vj Calorimeters
- 29.40.Wk Solid-state detectors
- 29.50.+v Computer interfaces
- 29.90.+r Other topics in elementary-particle and nuclear physics experimental methods and instrumentation
31.00.00 Electronic structure of atoms and molecules: theory
- 31.10.+z Theory of electronic structure, electronic transitions, and chemical binding
- 31.15.−p Calculations and mathematical techniques in atomic and molecular physics
- 31.15.Bs Statistical model calculations (including Thomas-Fermi and Thomas-Fermi-Dirac models)
- 31.15.Ct Semi-empirical and empirical calculations (differential overlap, Huckel, PPP methods, etc.)
- 31.15.E− Density-functional theory
- 31.15.Gy Semiclassical methods
- 31.15.Hz Group theory
- 31.15.Md Perturbation theory
- 31.15.Ne Self-consistent-field methods
- 31.15.bt Statistical model calculations (including Thomas-Fermi and Thomas-Fermi-Dirac models)
- 31.15.xh Group-theoretical methods
- 31.25.−v Electron correlation calculations for atoms and molecules
- 31.25.Jf Electron correlation calculations for atoms and ions: excited states
- 31.25.Qm Electron correlation calculations for polyatomic molecules
- 31.30.Gs Hyperfine interactions and isotope effects
- 31.30.Jv Relativistic and quantum electrodynamic effects in atoms and molecules
- 31.70.Ks Molecular solids
- 31.90.+s Other topics in the theory of the electronic structure of atoms and molecules
32.00.00 Atomic properties and interactions with photons
- 32.10.−f Properties of atoms
- 32.10.Bi Atomic masses, mass spectra, abundances, and isotopes
- 32.10.Dk Electric and magnetic moments, polarizabilities
- 32.10.Fn Fine and hyperfine structure
- 32.10.Hq Ionization potentials, electron affinities
- 32.30.−r Atomic spectra
- 32.30.Bv Radio-frequency, microwave, and infrared spectra
- 32.30.Dx Magnetic resonance spectra
- 32.30.Jc Visible and ultraviolet spectra
- 32.30.Rj X-ray spectra
- 32.50.+d Fluorescence, phosphorescence (including quenching)
- 32.60.+i Zeeman and Stark effects
- 32.70.−n Intensities and shapes of atomic spectral lines
- 32.70.Cs Oscillator strengths, lifetimes, transition moments
- 32.70.Fw Absolute and relative intensities
- 32.70.Jz Line shapes, widths, and shifts
- 32.80.−t Photoionization and excitation
- 32.80.Bx Level crossing and optical pumping
- 32.80.Cy Atomic scattering, cross sections, and form factors; Compton scattering
- 32.80.Dz Autoionization
- 32.80.Fb Photoionization of atoms and ions
- 32.80.Gc Photodetachment of atomic negative ions
- 32.80.Hd Auger effect
- 32.80.Pj Optical cooling of atoms; trapping
- 32.80.Qk Coherent control of atomic interactions with photons
- 32.80.Rm Multiphoton ionization and excitation to highly excited states
- 32.80.Wr Other multiphoton processes
- 32.80.Ys Weak-interaction effects in atoms
- 32.90.+a Other topics in atomic properties and interactions of atoms with photons
33.00.00 Molecular properties and interactions with photons
- 33.15.Bh General molecular conformation and symmetry; stereochemistry
- 33.15.Dj Interatomic distances and angles
- 33.15.Fm Bond strengths, dissociation energies
- 33.15.Hp Barrier heights (internal rotation, inversion, rotational isomerism, conformational dynamics)
- 33.15.Kr Electric and magnetic moments (and derivatives), polarizability, and magnetic susceptibility
- 33.15.Mt Rotation, vibration, and vibration-rotation constants
- 33.15.Pw Fine and hyperfine structure
- 33.15.Ry Ionization potentials, electron affinities, molecular core binding energy
- 33.15.Ta Mass spectra
- 33.20.−t Molecular spectra (see also 78.47.J- Ultrafast spectroscopy (
- 33.20.Bx Radio-frequency and microwave spectra
- 33.20.Ea Infrared spectra
- 33.20.Fb Raman and Rayleigh spectra (including optical scattering)
- 33.20.Lg Ultraviolet spectra
- 33.20.Ni Vacuum ultraviolet spectra
- 33.20.Sn Rotational analysis
- 33.20.Tp Vibrational analysis
- 33.20.Vq Vibration-rotation analysis
- 33.20.Wr Vibronic, rovibronic, and rotation-electron-spin interactions
- 33.25.+k Nuclear resonance and relaxation
- 33.50.−j Fluorescence and phosphorescence; radiationless transitions, quenching
- 33.50.Dq Fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra
- 33.50.Hv Radiationless transitions, quenching
- 33.55.Be Zeeman and Stark effects
- 33.60.Fy X-ray photoelectron spectra
- 33.70.Ca Oscillator and band strengths, lifetimes, transition moments, and Franck-Condon factors
- 33.70.Fd Absolute and relative line and band intensities
- 33.70.Jg Line and band widths, shapes, and shifts
- 33.80.−b Photon interactions with molecules
- 33.80.Be Level crossing and optical pumping
- 33.80.Eh Autoionization, photoionization, and photodetachment
- 33.80.Gj Diffuse spectra; predissociation, photodissociation
- 33.80.Rv Multiphoton ionization and excitation to highly excited states (e.g., Rydberg states)
- 33.80.Wz Other multiphoton processes
- 33.90.+h Other topics in molecular properties and interactions with photons
34.00.00 Atomic and molecular collision processes and interactions
- 34.10.+x General theories and models of atomic and molecular collisions and interactions (including statistical theories, transition state, stochastic and trajectory models, etc.)
- 34.20.−b Interatomic and intermolecular potentials and forces, potential energy surfaces for collisions
- 34.20.Gj Intermolecular and atom-molecule potentials and forces
- 34.30.+h Intramolecular energy transfer; intramolecular dynamics; dynamics of van der Waals molecules
- 34.35.+a Interactions of atoms and molecules with surfaces
- 34.50.−s Scattering of atoms and molecules
- 34.50.Bw Energy loss and stopping power
- 34.50.Dy Interactions of atoms and molecules with surfaces; photon and electron emission; neutralization of ions
- 34.50.Fa Electronic excitation and ionization of atoms (including beam-foil excitation and ionization)
- 34.50.Gb Electronic excitation and ionization of molecules
- 34.50.Lf Chemical reactions
- 34.70.+e Charge transfer
- 34.80.−i Electron and positron scattering
- 34.80.Bm Elastic scattering
- 34.80.Dp Atomic excitation and ionization
- 34.80.Gs Molecular excitation and ionization
- 34.80.Ht Dissociation and dissociative attachment
- 34.80.Lx Recombination, attachment, and positronium formation
- 34.80.Nz Spin dependence of cross sections; polarized beam experiments
36.00.00 Exotic atoms and molecules; macromolecules; clusters
- 36.10.−k Exotic atoms and molecules (containing mesons, antiprotons and other unusual particles)
- 36.10.Dr Positronium
- 36.10.Gv Mesonic, hyperonic and antiprotonic atoms and molecules
- 36.20.−r Macromolecules and polymer molecules
- 36.20.Ey Conformation (statistics and dynamics)
- 36.20.Fz Constitution (chains and sequences)
- 36.20.Hb Configuration (bonds, dimensions)
- 36.20.Ng Vibrational and rotational structure, infrared and Raman spectra
- 36.40.−c Atomic and molecular clusters
- 36.40.Ei Phase transitions in clusters
- 36.40.Gk Plasma and collective effects in clusters
- 36.40.Mr Spectroscopy and geometrical structure of clusters
- 36.40.Sx Diffusion and dynamics of clusters
- 36.40.Vz Optical properties of clusters
37.00.00 Mechanical control of atoms, molecules, and ions
- 37.10.De Atom cooling methods
- 37.10.Ty Ion trapping
39.00.00 Instrumentation and techniques for atomic and molecular physics
- 39.10.+j Atomic and molecular beam sources and techniques
- 39.30.+w Spectroscopic techniques
- 39.90.+d Other instrumentation and techniques for atomic and molecular physics
41.00.00 Electromagnetism; electron and ion optics
- 41.20.−q Applied classical electromagnetism
- 41.20.Cv Electrostatics; Poisson and Laplace equations, boundary-value problems
- 41.20.Gz Magnetostatics; magnetic shielding, magnetic induction, boundary-value problems
- 41.20.Jb Electromagnetic wave propagation; radiowave propagation
- 41.50.+h X-ray beams and x-ray optics
- 41.60.−m Radiation by moving charges
- 41.60.Ap Synchrotron radiation
- 41.60.Bq Cherenkov radiation
- 41.60.Cr Free-electron lasers
- 41.75.−i Charged-particle beams
- 41.75.Ak Positive-ion beams
- 41.75.Fr Electron and positron beams
- 41.75.Ht Relativistic electron and positron beams
- 41.75.Jv Laser-driven acceleration
- 41.85.−p Beam optics
- 41.85.Ct Particle beam shaping, beam splitting
- 41.85.Gy Chromatic and geometrical aberrations
- 41.85.Lc Particle beam focusing and bending magnets, wiggler magnets, and quadrupoles
- 41.90.+e Other topics in electromagnetism; electron and ion optics
42.00.00 Optics
- 42.15.−i Geometrical optics
- 42.15.Dp Wave fronts and ray tracing
- 42.15.Fr Aberrations
- 42.25.−p Wave optics
- 42.25.Bs Wave propagation, transmission and absorption
- 42.25.Dd Wave propagation in random media
- 42.25.Fx Diffraction and scattering
- 42.25.Gy Edge and boundary effects; reflection and refraction
- 42.25.Hz Interference
- 42.25.Ja Polarization
- 42.25.Kb Coherence
- 42.25.Lc Birefringence
- 42.30.−d Imaging and optical processing
- 42.30.Kq Fourier optics
- 42.30.Lr Modulation and optical transfer functions
- 42.30.Ms Speckle and moiré patterns
- 42.30.Rx Phase retrieval
- 42.30.Va Image forming and processing
- 42.30.Wb Image reconstruction; tomography
- 42.40.−i Holography
- 42.40.Eq Holographic optical elements; holographic gratings
- 42.40.Ht Hologram recording and readout methods
- 42.40.Kw Holographic interferometry; other holographic techniques
- 42.40.Lx Diffraction efficiency, resolution, and other hologram characteristics
- 42.40.My Applications
- 42.40.Pa Volume holograms
- 42.50.−p Quantum optics
- 42.50.Ar Photon statistics and coherence theory
- 42.50.Ct Quantum description of interaction of light and matter; related experiments
- 42.50.Dv Quantum state engineering and measurements
- 42.50.Ex Optical implementations of quantum information processing and transfer
- 42.50.Fx Cooperative phenomena in quantum optical systems
- 42.50.Gy Effects of atomic coherence on propagation, absorption, and amplification of light; electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption
- 42.50.Hz Strong-field excitation of optical transitions in quantum systems; multiphoton processes; dynamic Stark shift
- 42.50.Lc Quantum fluctuations, quantum noise, and quantum jumps
- 42.50.Md Optical transient phenomena: quantum beats, photon echo, free-induction decay, dephasings and revivals, optical nutation, and self-induced transparency
- 42.50.Nn Quantum optical phenomena in absorbing, amplifying, dispersive and conducting media; cooperative phenomena in quantum optical systems
- 42.50.Pq Cavity quantum electrodynamics; micromasers
- 42.50.Wk Mechanical effects of light on material media, microstructures and particles
- 42.55.−f Lasers
- 42.55.Ah General laser theory
- 42.55.Ks Chemical lasers
- 42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
- 42.55.Mv Dye lasers
- 42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
- 42.55.Rz Doped-insulator lasers and other solid state lasers
- 42.55.Vc X- and γ-ray lasers
- 42.55.Wd Fiber lasers
- 42.55.Ye Raman lasers
- 42.60.−v Laser optical systems: design and operation
- 42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
- 42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
- 42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking
- 42.60.Gd Q-switching
- 42.60.Jf Beam characteristics: profile, intensity, and power; spatial pattern formation
- 42.60.Lh Efficiency, stability, gain, and other operational parameters
- 42.60.Mi Dynamical laser instabilities; noisy laser behavior
- 42.60.Pk Continuous operation
- 42.60.Rn Relaxation oscillations and long pulse operation
- 42.62.−b Laser applications
- 42.62.Be Biological and medical applications
- 42.62.Cf Industrial applications
- 42.62.Eh Metrological applications; optical frequency synthesizers for precision spectroscopy
- 42.62.Fi Laser spectroscopy
- 42.65.−k Nonlinear optics
- 42.65.An Optical susceptibility, hyperpolarizability
- 42.65.Dr Stimulated Raman scattering; CARS
- 42.65.Es Stimulated Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering
- 42.65.Hw Phase conjugation; photorefractive and Kerr effects
- 42.65.Jx Beam trapping, self-focusing and defocusing; self-phase modulation
- 42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
- 42.65.Lm Parametric down conversion and production of entangled photons
- 42.65.Pc Optical bistability, multistability, and switching, including local field effects
- 42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
- 42.65.Sf Dynamics of nonlinear optical systems; optical instabilities, optical chaos and complexity, and optical spatio-temporal dynamics
- 42.65.Tg Optical solitons; nonlinear guided waves
- 42.65.Wi Nonlinear waveguides
- 42.65.Yj Optical parametric oscillators and amplifiers
- 42.66.−p Physiological optics
- 42.66.Ct Anatomy and optics of eye
- 42.68.−w Atmospheric and ocean optics
- 42.68.Ay Propagation, transmission, attenuation, and radiative transfer
- 42.68.Bz Atmospheric turbulence effects
- 42.68.Ca Spectral absorption by atmospheric gases
- 42.68.Jg Effects of aerosols
- 42.68.Kh Effects of air pollution
- 42.68.Mj Scattering, polarization
- 42.68.Wt Remote sensing; LIDAR and adaptive systems
- 42.68.Xy Ocean optics
- 42.70.−a Optical materials
- 42.70.Ce Glasses, quartz
- 42.70.Df Liquid crystals
- 42.70.Hj Laser materials
- 42.70.Jk Polymers and organics
- 42.70.Ln Holographic recording materials; optical storage media
- 42.70.Mp Nonlinear optical crystals
- 42.70.Nq Other nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive and semiconductor materials
- 42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
- 42.72.−g Optical sources and standards
- 42.72.Bj Visible and ultraviolet sources
- 42.79.−e Optical elements, devices, and systems
- 42.79.Ag Apertures, collimators
- 42.79.Bh Lenses, prisms and mirrors
- 42.79.Ci Filters, zone plates, and polarizers
- 42.79.Dj Gratings
- 42.79.Fm Reflectors, beam splitters, and deflectors
- 42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
- 42.79.Hp Optical processors, correlators, and modulators
- 42.79.Jq Acousto-optical devices
- 42.79.Kr Display devices, liquid-crystal devices
- 42.79.Ls Scanners, image intensifiers, and image converters
- 42.79.Pw Imaging detectors and sensors
- 42.79.Sz Optical communication systems, multiplexers, and demultiplexers
- 42.79.Wc Optical coatings
- 42.81.−i Fiber optics
- 42.81.Bm Fabrication, cladding, and splicing
- 42.81.Dp Propagation, scattering, and losses; solitons
- 42.81.Gs Birefringence, polarization
- 42.81.Pa Sensors, gyros
- 42.81.Qb Fiber waveguides, couplers, and arrays
- 42.81.Wg Other fiber-optical devices
- 42.82.−m Integrated optics
- 42.82.Cr Fabrication techniques; lithography, pattern transfer
- 42.82.Et Waveguides, couplers, and arrays
- 42.82.Gw Other integrated-optical elements and systems
43.00.00 Acoustics
- 43.10.Ce Conferences, lectures, and announcements
- 43.10.Df Other acoustical societies and their publications, online journals, and other electronic publications
- 43.10.Eg Biographical, historical, and personal notes
- 43.10.Sv Education in acoustics, tutorial papers of interest to acoustics educators
- 43.20.+g General linear acoustics
- 43.20.Bi Mathematical theory of wave propagation
- 43.20.Dk Ray acoustics
- 43.20.El Reflection, refraction, diffraction of acoustic waves
- 43.20.Fn Scattering of acoustic waves
- 43.20.Rz Steady-state radiation from sources, impedance, radiation patterns, boundary element methods
- 43.25.+y Nonlinear acoustics
- 43.25.−x Nonlinear acoustics
- 43.25.Dc Nonlinear acoustics of solids
- 43.25.Ed Effect of nonlinearity on velocity and attenuation
- 43.25.Hg Interaction of intense sound waves with noise
- 43.25.Nm Acoustic streaming
- 43.25.Vt Intense sound sources
- 43.25.Yw Nonlinear acoustics of bubbly liquids
- 43.28.−g Aeroacoustics and atmospheric sound
- 43.28.Bj Mechanisms affecting sound propagation in air, sound speed in the air
- 43.28.Mw Shock and blast waves, sonic boom
- 43.28.Py Interaction of fluid motion and sound, Doppler effect, and sound in flow ducts
- 43.30.+m Underwater sound
- 43.30.−k Underwater sound
- 43.30.Jx Radiation from objects vibrating under water, acoustic and mechanical impedance
- 43.35.−c Ultrasonics, quantum acoustics, and physical effects of sound
- 43.35.Bf Ultrasonic velocity, dispersion, scattering, diffraction, and attenuation in liquids, liquid crystals, suspensions, and emulsions
- 43.35.Cg Ultrasonic velocity, dispersion, scattering, diffraction, and attenuation in solids; elastic constants
- 43.35.Pt Surface waves in solids and liquids
- 43.35.Rw Magnetoacoustic effect; oscillations and resonance
- 43.35.Sx Acoustooptical effects, optoacoustics, acoustical visualization, acoustical microscopy, and acoustical holography
- 43.35.Ud Thermoacoustics, high temperature acoustics, photoacoustic effect
- 43.35.Xd Nuclear acoustical resonance, acoustical magnetic resonance
- 43.35.Yb Ultrasonic instrumentation and measurement techniques
- 43.35.Zc Use of ultrasonics in nondestructive testing, industrial processes, and industrial products
- 43.38.−p Transduction; acoustical devices for the generation and reproduction of sound
- 43.38.Ja Loudspeakers and horns, practical sound sources
- 43.38.Kb Microphones and their calibration
- 43.38.Zp Acoustooptic and photoacoustic transducers
- 43.55.−n Architectural acoustics
- 43.55.Dt Sound absorption in enclosures: theory and measurement; use of absorption in offices, commercial and domestic spaces
- 43.58.−e Acoustical measurements and instrumentation (see also specific sections for specialized instrumentation)
- 43.58.Kr Spectrum and frequency analyzers and filters; acoustical and electrical oscillographs; photoacoustic spectrometers; acoustical delay lines and resonators
- 43.58.Ls Acoustical lenses and microscopes
- 43.60.−c Acoustic signal processing
- 43.60.Vx Acoustic sensing and acquisition
- 43.66.−x Psychological acoustics
- 43.66.Lj Perceptual effects of sound
- 43.75.−z Music and musical instruments
44.00.00 Heat transfer
- 44.05.+e Analytical and numerical techniques
- 44.10.+i Heat conduction
- 44.25.+f Natural convection
- 44.30.+v Heat flow in porous media
- 44.35.+c Heat flow in multiphase systems
- 44.40.+a Thermal radiation
- 44.90.+c Other topics in heat transfer
45.00.00 Classical mechanics of discrete systems
- 45.05.+x General theory of classical mechanics of discrete systems
- 45.20.−d Formalisms in classical mechanics
- 45.20.D− Newtonian mechanics
- 45.20.dc Rotational dynamics
- 45.20.df Momentum conservation
- 45.20.dh Energy conservation
- 45.40.Cc Rigid body and gyroscope motion
- 45.50.Pk Celestial mechanics
- 45.50.Tn Collisions
- 45.70.Mg Granular flow: mixing, segregation and stratification
46.00.00 Continuum mechanics of solids
47.00.00 Fluid dynamics
- 47.10.+g General theory
- 47.10.−g General theory in fluid dynamics
- 47.10.A− Mathematical formulations
- 47.10.ab Conservation laws and constitutive relations
- 47.10.ad Navier-Stokes equations
- 47.11.−j Computational methods in fluid dynamics
- 47.15.−x Laminar flows
- 47.15.G− Low-Reynolds-number (creeping) flows
- 47.20.−k Flow instabilities
- 47.20.Bp Buoyancy-driven instabilities (e.g., Rayleigh-Benard)
- 47.20.Dr Surface-tension-driven instability
- 47.20.Ft Instability of shear flows (e.g., Kelvin-Helmholtz)
- 47.20.Ib Instability of boundary layers; separation
- 47.20.Ky Nonlinearity, bifurcation, and symmetry breaking
- 47.20.Qr Centrifugal instabilities (e.g., Taylor-Couette flow)
- 47.27.−i Turbulent flows
- 47.27.Ak Fundamentals
- 47.27.Cn Transition to turbulence
- 47.27.De Coherent structures
- 47.27.E− Turbulence simulation and modeling
- 47.27.Gs Isotropic turbulence; homogeneous turbulence
- 47.27.Jv High-Reynolds-number turbulence
- 47.27.Qb Turbulent diffusion
- 47.27.ed Dynamical systems approaches
- 47.27.ef Field-theoretic formulations and renormalization
- 47.27.er Spectral methods
- 47.32.−y Vortex dynamics; rotating fluids
- 47.32.C− Vortex dynamics
- 47.32.Ef Rotating and swirling flows
- 47.32.cd Vortex stability and breakdown
- 47.35.+i Hydrodynamic waves
- 47.35.Bb Gravity waves
- 47.35.De Shear waves
- 47.35.Fg Solitary waves
- 47.35.Pq Capillary waves
- 47.35.Rs Sound waves
- 47.37.+q Hydrodynamic aspects of superfluidity; quantum fluids
- 47.40.−x Compressible flows; shock waves
- 47.40.Dc General subsonic flows
- 47.40.Hg Transonic flows
- 47.40.Ki Supersonic and hypersonic flows
- 47.40.Nm Shock wave interactions and shock effects
- 47.40.Rs Detonation waves
- 47.45.Ab Kinetic theory of gases
- 47.45.Gx Slip flows and accommodation
- 47.52.+j Chaos in fluid dynamics
- 47.53.+n Fractals in fluid dynamics
- 47.55.D− Drops and bubbles
- 47.55.dp Cavitation and boiling
- 47.55.dr Interactions with surfaces
- 47.55.pb Thermal convection
- 47.56.+r Flows through porous media
- 47.60.+i Flows in ducts, channels, nozzles, and conduits
- 47.63.Gd Swimming microorganisms
- 47.65.−d Magnetohydrodynamics and electrohydrodynamics
- 47.65.Md Plasma dynamos
- 47.70.Fw Chemically reactive flows
- 47.70.Pq Flames; combustion
- 47.80.−v Instrumentation and measurement methods in fluid dynamics
- 47.80.Cb Velocity measurements
- 47.80.Fg Pressure and temperature measurements
- 47.85.Dh Hydrodynamics, hydraulics, hydrostatics
- 47.85.Gj Aerodynamics
51.00.00 Physics of gases
- 51.10.+y Kinetic and transport theory of gases
- 51.20.+d Viscosity, diffusion, and thermal conductivity
- 51.30.+i Thermodynamic properties, equations of state
- 51.40.+p Acoustical properties
- 51.50.+v Electrical properties
- 51.70.+f Optical and dielectric properties
52.00.00 Physics of plasmas and electric discharges
- 52.20.−j Elementary processes in plasmas
- 52.20.Dq Particle orbits
- 52.20.Fs Electron collisions
- 52.20.Hv Atomic, molecular, ion, and heavy-particle collisions
- 52.25.−b Plasma properties
- 52.25.Dg Plasma kinetic equations
- 52.25.Fi Transport properties
- 52.25.Gj Fluctuation and chaos phenomena
- 52.25.Jm Ionization of plasmas
- 52.25.Kn Thermodynamics of plasmas
- 52.25.Mq Dielectric properties
- 52.25.Os Emission, absorption, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation
- 52.25.Tx Emission, absorption, and scattering of particles
- 52.25.Vy Impurities in plasmas
- 52.25.Xz Magnetized plasmas
- 52.27.Cm Multicomponent and negative-ion plasmas
- 52.27.Ep Electron-positron plasmas
- 52.27.Gr Strongly-coupled plasmas
- 52.27.Lw Dusty or complex plasmas; plasma crystals
- 52.27.Ny Relativistic plasmas
- 52.30.−q Plasma dynamics and flow
- 52.30.Cv Magnetohydrodynamics
- 52.35.−g Waves, oscillations, and instabilities in plasmas and intense beams
- 52.35.Bj Magnetohydrodynamic waves (e.g., Alfven waves)
- 52.35.Dm Sound waves
- 52.35.Fp Electrostatic waves and oscillations (e.g., ion-acoustic waves)
- 52.35.Hr Electromagnetic waves (e.g., electron-cyclotron, Whistler, Bernstein, upper hybrid, lower hybrid)
- 52.35.Kt Drift waves
- 52.35.Mw Nonlinear phenomena: waves, wave propagation, and other interactions (including parametric effects, mode coupling, ponderomotive effects, etc.)
- 52.35.Py Macroinstabilities (hydromagnetic, e.g., kink, fire-hose, mirror, ballooning, tearing, trapped-particle, flute, Rayleigh-Taylor, etc.)
- 52.35.Qz Microinstabilities (ion-acoustic, two-stream, loss-cone, beam-plasma, drift, ion- or electron-cyclotron, etc.)
- 52.35.Ra Plasma turbulence
- 52.35.Sb Solitons; BGK modes
- 52.35.Tc Shock waves and discontinuities
- 52.35.We Plasma vorticity
- 52.38.−r Laser-plasma interactions
- 52.38.Bv Rayleigh scattering; stimulated Brillouin and Raman scattering
- 52.38.Dx Laser light absorption in plasmas (collisional, parametric, etc.)
- 52.38.Hb Self-focussing, channeling, and filamentation in plasmas
- 52.38.Kd Laser-plasma acceleration of electrons and ions
- 52.38.Ph X-ray, γ-ray, and particle generation
- 52.40.−w Plasma interactions (nonlaser)
- 52.40.Db Electromagnetic
- 52.40.Fd Plasma interactions with antennas; plasma-filled waveguides
- 52.40.Hf Plasma-material interactions; boundary layer effects
- 52.40.Kh Plasma sheaths
- 52.40.Mj Particle beam interactions in plasmas
- 52.50.−b Plasma production and heating
- 52.50.Dg Plasma sources
- 52.50.Gj Plasma heating by particle beams
- 52.50.Jm Plasma production and heating by laser beams (laser-foil, laser-cluster, etc.)
- 52.50.Lp Plasma production and heating by shock waves and compression
- 52.50.Qt Plasma heating by radio-frequency fields; ICR, ICP, helicons
- 52.50.Sw Plasma heating by microwaves; ECR, LH, collisional heating
- 52.55.−s Magnetic confinement and equilibrium
- 52.55.Dy General theory and basic studies of plasma lifetime, particle and heat loss, energy balance, field structure, etc.
- 52.55.Ez Theta pinch
- 52.55.Fa Tokamaks, spherical tokamaks
- 52.55.Hc Stellarators, torsatrons, heliacs, bumpy tori, and other toroidal confinement devices
- 52.55.Ip Spheromaks
- 52.55.Jd Magnetic mirrors, gas dynamic traps
- 52.55.Lf Field-reversed configurations, rotamaks, astrons, ion rings, magnetized target fusion, and cusps
- 52.55.Pi Fusion products effects (e.g., alpha-particles, etc.), fast particle effects
- 52.55.Rk Power exhaust; divertors
- 52.55.Tn Ideal and resistive MHD modes; kinetic modes
- 52.57.−z Laser inertial confinement
- 52.58.Lq Z-pinches, plasma focus, and other pinch devices
- 52.59.−f Intense particle beams and radiation sources
- 52.65.−y Plasma simulation
- 52.65.Ff Fokker-Planck and Vlasov equation
- 52.65.Kj Magnetohydrodynamic and fluid equation
- 52.65.Vv Perturbative methods
- 52.70.−m Plasma diagnostic techniques and instrumentation
- 52.70.Ds Electric and magnetic measurements
- 52.70.Gw Radio-frequency and microwave measurements
- 52.70.Kz Optical (ultraviolet, visible, infrared) measurements
- 52.75.−d Plasma devices
- 52.75.Di Ion and plasma propulsion
- 52.75.Fk Magnetohydrodynamic generators and thermionic convertors; plasma diodes
- 52.77.−j Plasma applications
- 52.80.−s Electric discharges
- 52.80.Dy Low-field and Townsend discharges
- 52.80.Hc Glow; corona
- 52.80.Mg Arcs; sparks; lightning; atmospheric electricity
- 52.80.Pi High-frequency and RF discharges
- 52.80.Qj Explosions; exploding wires
- 52.80.Tn Other gas discharges
- 52.80.Vp Discharge in vacuum
- 52.80.Wq Discharge in liquids and solids
- 52.90.+z Other topics in physics of plasmas and electric discharges
61.00.00 Structure of solids and liquids; crystallography
- 61.05.−a Techniques for structure determination
- 61.05.C− X-ray diffraction and scattering
- 61.05.F− Neutron diffraction and scattering
- 61.05.fg Neutron scattering (including small-angle scattering)
- 61.10.−i X-ray diffraction and scattering
- 61.10.Eq X-ray scattering (including small-angle scattering)
- 61.10.Ht X-ray absorption spectroscopy: EXAFS, NEXAFS, XANES, etc.
- 61.10.Kw X-ray reflectometry (surfaces, interfaces, films)
- 61.10.Nz X-ray diffraction
- 61.12.−q Neutron diffraction and scattering
- 61.12.Bt Theories of diffraction and scattering
- 61.12.Ex Neutron scattering (including small-angle scattering)
- 61.12.Ld Neutron diffraction
- 61.14.−x Electron diffraction and scattering
- 61.14.Dc Theories of diffraction and scattering
- 61.14.Hg Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED)
- 61.20.−p Structure of liquids
- 61.20.Gy Theory and models of liquid structure
- 61.20.Ja Computer simulation of liquid structure
- 61.20.Lc Time-dependent properties; relaxation
- 61.20.Ne Structure of simple liquids
- 61.25.−f Studies of specific liquid structures
- 61.25.Hq Macromolecular and polymer solutions; polymer melts; swelling
- 61.25.Mv Liquid metals and alloys
- 61.30.−v Liquid crystals
- 61.30.Cz Molecular and microscopic models and theories of liquid crystal structure
- 61.30.Dk Continuum models and theories of liquid crystal structure
- 61.30.Eb Experimental determinations of smectic, nematic, cholesteric, and other structures
- 61.30.Gd Orientational order of liquid crystals; electric and magnetic field effects on order
- 61.30.Hn Surface phenomena: alignment, anchoring, anchoring transitions, surface-induced layering, surface-induced ordering, wetting, prewetting transitions, and wetting transitions
- 61.30.Jf Defects in liquid crystals
- 61.30.Mp Blue phases and other defect-phases
- 61.30.St Lyotropic phases
- 61.30.Vx Polymer liquid crystals
- 61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics
- 61.43.−j Disordered solids
- 61.43.Bn Structural modeling: serial-addition models, computer simulation
- 61.43.Dq Amorphous semiconductors, metals, and alloys
- 61.43.Er Other amorphous solids
- 61.43.Fs Glasses
- 61.43.Gt Powders, porous materials
- 61.43.Hv Fractals; macroscopic aggregates (including diffusion-limited aggregates)
- 61.44.−n Semi-periodic solids
- 61.44.Br Quasicrystals
- 61.44.Fw Incommensurate crystals
- 61.46.+w Nanoscale materials: clusters, nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanocrystals
- 61.46.−w Structure of nanoscale materials
- 61.46.Bc Structure of clusters (e.g., metcars; not fragments of crystals; free or loosely aggregated or loosely attached to a substrate)
- 61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)
- 61.46.Np Structure of nanotubes (hollow nanowires)
- 61.48.+c Fullerenes and fullerene-related materials
- 61.48.−c Structure of fullerenes and related hollow and planar molecular structures
- 61.48.De Structure of carbon nanotubes, boron nanotubes, and other related systems
- 61.50.−f Structure of bulk crystals
- 61.50.Ah Theory of crystal structure, crystal symmetry; calculations and modeling
- 61.50.Ks Crystallographic aspects of phase transformations; pressure effects
- 61.50.Lt Crystal binding; cohesive energy
- 61.50.Nw Crystal stoichiometry
- 61.66.−f Structure of specific crystalline solids
- 61.66.Bi Elemental solids
- 61.66.Dk Alloys
- 61.66.Fn Inorganic compounds
- 61.66.Hq Organic compounds
- 61.72.−y Defects and impurities in crystals; microstructure
- 61.72.Bb Theories and models of crystal defects
- 61.72.Cc Kinetics of defect formation and annealing
- 61.72.Ff Direct observation of dislocations and other defects (etch pits, decoration, electron microscopy, x-ray topography, etc.)
- 61.72.Hh Indirect evidence of dislocations and other defects (resistivity, slip, creep, strains, internal friction, EPR, NMR, etc.)
- 61.72.Ji Point defects (vacancies, interstitials, color centers, etc.) and defect clusters
- 61.72.Lk Linear defects: dislocations, disclinations
- 61.72.Mm Grain and twin boundaries
- 61.72.Nn Stacking faults and other planar or extended defects
- 61.72.Ss Impurity concentration, distribution, and gradients
- 61.72.Tt Doping and impurity implantation in germanium and silicon
- 61.72.Vv Doping and impurity implantation in III-V and II-VI semiconductors
- 61.72.Ww Doping and impurity implantation in other materials
- 61.72.Yx Interaction between different crystal defects; gettering effect
- 61.80.−x Physical radiation effects, radiation damage
- 61.80.Az Theory and models of radiation effects
- 61.80.Ba Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation effects (including laser radiation)
- 61.80.Ed γ-ray effects
- 61.80.Fe Electron and positron radiation effects
- 61.80.Hg Neutron radiation effects
- 61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects
- 61.80.Lj Atom and molecule irradiation effects
- 61.82.Bg Metals and alloys
- 61.82.Fk Semiconductors
- 61.82.Ms Insulators
- 61.82.Pv Polymers, organic compounds
- 61.85.+p Channeling phenomena (blocking, energy loss, etc.)
- 61.90.+d Other topics in structure of solids and liquids; crystallography
62.00.00 Mechanical and acoustical properties of condensed matter
- 62.10.+s Mechanical properties of liquids
- 62.20.−x Mechanical properties of solids
- 62.20.Dc Elasticity, elastic constants
- 62.20.Fe Deformation and plasticity
- 62.20.Hg Creep
- 62.20.Mk Fatigue, brittleness, fracture, and cracks
- 62.20.Qp Friction, tribology, and hardness
- 62.25.−g Mechanical properties of nanoscale systems
- 62.25.Fg High-frequency properties, responses to resonant or transient (time-dependent) fields
- 62.30.+d Mechanical and elastic waves; vibrations
- 62.40.+i Anelasticity, internal friction, stress relaxation, and mechanical resonances
- 62.50.+p High-pressure and shock wave effects in solids and liquids
- 62.50.−p High-pressure effects in solids and liquids
- 62.60.+v Acoustical properties of liquids
- 62.65.+k Acoustical properties of solids
63.00.00 Lattice dynamics
- 63.20.−e Phonons in crystal lattices
- 63.20.Dj Phonon states and bands, normal modes, and phonon dispersion
- 63.20.Kr Phonon-electron and phonon-phonon interactions
- 63.20.Ls Phonon interactions with other quasiparticles
- 63.20.Mt Phonon-defect interactions
- 63.20.Pw Localized modes
- 63.20.Ry Anharmonic lattice modes
- 63.20.dk First-principles theory
- 63.20.kd Phonon-electron interactions
- 63.20.kp Phonon-defect interactions
- 63.50.+x Vibrational states in disordered systems
- 63.50.−x Vibrational states in disordered systems
- 63.70.+h Statistical mechanics of lattice vibrations and displacive phase transitions
- 63.90.+t Other topics in lattice dynamics
64.00.00 Equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase transitions
- 64.10.+h General theory of equations of state and phase equilibria
- 64.30.+t Equations of state of specific substances
- 64.60.−i General studies of phase transitions
- 64.60.Ak Renormalization-group, fractal, and percolation studies of phase transitions
- 64.60.Cn Order-disorder transformations
- 64.60.Fr Equilibrium properties near critical points, critical exponents
- 64.60.Ht Dynamic critical phenomena
- 64.60.Kw Multicritical points
- 64.60.My Metastable phases
- 64.60.Qb Nucleation
- 64.60.ae Renormalization-group theory
- 64.70.−p Specific phase transitions
- 64.70.D− Solid-liquid transitions
- 64.70.Dv Solid-liquid transitions
- 64.70.Fx Liquid-vapor transitions
- 64.70.Hz Solid-vapor transitions
- 64.70.Ja Liquid-liquid transitions
- 64.70.K− Solid-solid transitions
- 64.70.Kb Solid-solid transitions
- 64.70.Md Transitions in liquid crystals
- 64.70.P− Glass transitions of specific systems
- 64.70.Pf Glass transitions
- 64.70.Rh Commensurate-incommensurate transitions
- 64.75.+g Solubility, segregation, and mixing; phase separation
65.00.00 Thermal properties of condensed matter
- 65.20.+w Thermal properties of liquids: heat capacity, thermal expansion, etc.
- 65.40.−b Thermal properties of crystalline solids
- 65.40.Ba Heat capacity
- 65.40.De Thermal expansion; thermomechanical effects
- 65.40.Gr Entropy and other thermodynamical quantities
- 65.60.+a Thermal properties of amorphous solids and glasses: heat capacity, thermal expansion, etc.
- 65.80.+n Thermal properties of small particles, nanocrystals, and nanotubes
- 65.80.Ck Thermal properties of graphene
66.00.00 Nonelectronic transport properties of condensed matter
- 66.10.Cb Diffusion and thermal diffusion
- 66.10.Ed Ionic conduction
- 66.20.+d Viscosity of liquids; diffusive momentum transport
- 66.20.−d Viscosity of liquids; diffusive momentum transport
- 66.20.Cy Theory and modeling of viscosity and rheological properties, including computer simulation
- 66.30.−h Diffusion in solids
- 66.30.Dn Theory of diffusion and ionic conduction in solids
- 66.30.Fq Self-diffusion in metals, semimetals, and alloys
- 66.30.Hs Self-diffusion and ionic conduction in nonmetals
- 66.30.Jt Diffusion of impurities
- 66.30.Lw Diffusion of other defects
- 66.70.+f Nonelectronic thermal conduction and heat-pulse propagation in solids; thermal waves
67.00.00 Quantum fluids and solids
- 67.20.+k Quantum effects on the structure and dynamics of nondegenerate fluids (e.g., normal phase liquid 4He)
- 67.30.er Magnetic properties, NMR
- 67.40.−w Boson degeneracy and superfluidity of 4He
- 67.40.Bz Phenomenology and two-fluid models
- 67.40.Fd Dynamics of relaxation phenomena
- 67.40.Hf Hydrodynamics in specific geometries, flow in narrow channels
- 67.40.Jg Ions in liquid 4He
- 67.40.Kh Thermodynamic properties
- 67.40.Mj First sound
- 67.40.Pm Transport processes, second and other sounds, and thermal counterflow; Kapitza resistance
- 67.40.Vs Vortices and turbulence
- 67.55.−s Normal phase of liquid 3He
- 67.55.Cx Thermodynamic properties
- 67.55.Fa Hydrodynamics
- 67.55.Hc Transport properties
- 67.57.−z Superfluid phase of liquid 3He
- 67.57.Bc Thermodynamic properties
- 67.57.De Superflow and hydrodynamics
- 67.57.Fg Textures and vortices
- 67.57.Hi Transport properties
- 67.57.Jj Collective modes
- 67.57.Lm Spin dynamics
- 67.60.−g Mixtures of 3He and 4He
- 67.60.Dm HeI-3He
- 67.70.+n Films (including physical adsorption)
- 67.80.−s Quantum solids
- 67.80.Cx Structure, lattice dynamics, and sound propagation
- 67.80.Gb Thermal properties
- 67.80.Jd Magnetic properties and nuclear magnetic resonance
- 67.80.Mg Defects, impurities, and diffusion
- 67.85.−d Ultracold gases, trapped gases
- 67.90.+z Other topics in quantum fluids and solids
68.00.00 Surfaces and interfaces; thin films and nanosystems (structure and nonelectronic properties)
- 68.03.Cd Surface tension and related phenomena
- 68.03.Fg Evaporation and condensation of liquids
- 68.03.Hj Liquid surface structure: measurements and simulations
- 68.05.−n Liquid-liquid interfaces
- 68.08.−p Liquid-solid interfaces
- 68.15.+e Liquid thin films
- 68.18.Fg Liquid thin film structure: measurements and simulations
- 68.18.Jk Phase transitions in liquid thin films
- 68.35.−p Solid surfaces and solid-solid interfaces: structure and energetics
- 68.35.Bs Structure of clean surfaces (reconstruction)
- 68.35.Ct Interface structure and roughness
- 68.35.Dv Composition, segregation; defects and impurities
- 68.35.Fx Diffusion; interface formation
- 68.35.Gy Mechanical properties; surface strains
- 68.35.Iv Acoustical properties
- 68.35.Ja Surface and interface dynamics and vibrations
- 68.35.Md Surface thermodynamics, surface energies
- 68.35.Np Adhesion
- 68.35.Rh Phase transitions and critical phenomena
- 68.37.−d Microscopy of surfaces, interfaces, and thin films
- 68.37.Ef Scanning tunneling microscopy (including chemistry induced with STM)
- 68.37.Hk Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (including EBIC)
- 68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
- 68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
- 68.37.Vj Field emission and field-ion microscopy
- 68.37.Yz X-ray microscopy
- 68.43.−h Chemisorption/physisorption: adsorbates on surfaces
- 68.43.Fg Adsorbate structure (binding sites, geometry)
- 68.43.Jk Diffusion of adsorbates, kinetics of coarsening and aggregation
- 68.43.Mn Adsorption kinetics
- 68.47.De Metallic surfaces
- 68.47.Fg Semiconductor surfaces
- 68.47.Pe Langmuir-Blodgett films on solids; polymers on surfaces; biological molecules on surfaces
- 68.49.Jk Electron scattering from surfaces
- 68.49.Sf Ion scattering from surfaces (charge transfer, sputtering, SIMS)
- 68.49.Uv X-ray standing waves
- 68.55.A− Nucleation and growth
- 68.55.Jk Structure and morphology; thickness; crystalline orientation and texture
- 68.55.Ln Defects and impurities: doping, implantation, distribution, concentration, etc.
- 68.55.Nq Composition and phase identification
- 68.60.Bs Mechanical and acoustical properties
- 68.60.Dv Thermal stability; thermal effects
- 68.65.−k Low-dimensional, mesoscopic, nanoscale and other related systems: structure and nonelectronic properties
- 68.65.Ac Multilayers
- 68.65.Cd Superlattices
- 68.65.Pq Graphene films
- 68.70.+w Whiskers and dendrites (growth, structure, and nonelectronic properties)
- 68.90.+g Other topics in structure, and nonelectronic properties of surfaces and interfaces; thin films and low-dimensional structures
71.00.00 Electronic structure of bulk materials
- 71.10.−w Theories and models of many-electron systems
- 71.10.Ay Fermi-liquid theory and other phenomenological models
- 71.10.Ca Electron gas, Fermi gas
- 71.10.Fd Lattice fermion models (Hubbard model, etc.)
- 71.15.−m Methods of electronic structure calculations
- 71.15.Ap Basis sets (LCAO, plane-wave, APW, etc.) and related methodology (scattering methods, ASA, linearized methods, etc.)
- 71.15.Dx Computational methodology (Brillouin zone sampling, iterative diagonalization, pseudopotential construction)
- 71.15.Mb Density functional theory, local density approximation, gradient and other corrections
- 71.15.Nc Total energy and cohesive energy calculations
- 71.18.+y Fermi surface: calculations and measurements; effective mass, g factor
- 71.20.−b Electron density of states and band structure of crystalline solids
- 71.20.Be Transition metals and alloys
- 71.20.Dg Alkali and alkaline earth metals
- 71.20.Eh Rare earth metals and alloys
- 71.20.Gj Other metals and alloys
- 71.20.Mq Elemental semiconductors
- 71.20.Nr Semiconductor compounds
- 71.20.Ps Other inorganic compounds
- 71.20.Rv Polymers and organic compounds
- 71.23.−k Electronic structure of disordered solids
- 71.23.An Theories and models; localized states
- 71.23.Cq Amorphous semiconductors, metallic glasses, glasses
- 71.23.Ft Quasicrystals
- 71.27.+a Strongly correlated electron systems; heavy fermions
- 71.28.+d Narrow-band systems; intermediate-valence solids
- 71.30.+h Metal-insulator transitions and other electronic transitions
- 71.35.−y Excitons and related phenomena
- 71.35.Aa Frenkel excitons and self-trapped excitons
- 71.35.Cc Intrinsic properties of excitons; optical absorption spectra
- 71.35.Ee Electron-hole drops and electron-hole plasma
- 71.35.Ji Excitons in magnetic fields; magnetoexcitons
- 71.35.Lk Collective effects (Bose effects, phase space filling, and excitonic phase transitions)
- 71.36.+c Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions)
- 71.38.−k Polarons and electron-phonon interactions
- 71.38.Ht Self-trapped or small polarons
- 71.38.Mx Bipolarons
- 71.45.−d Collective effects
- 71.45.Gm Exchange, correlation, dielectric and magnetic response functions, plasmons
- 71.45.Lr Charge-density-wave systems
- 71.55.−i Impurity and defect levels
- 71.55.Ak Metals, semimetals, and alloys
- 71.55.Cn Elemental semiconductors
- 71.55.Gs II-VI semiconductors
- 71.55.Ht Other nonmetals
- 71.55.Jv Disordered structures; amorphous and glassy solids
- 71.60.+z Positron states
- 71.70.−d Level splitting and interactions
- 71.70.Ch Crystal and ligand fields
- 71.70.Di Landau levels
- 71.70.Ej Spin-orbit coupling, Zeeman and Stark splitting, Jahn-Teller effect
- 71.70.Gm Exchange interactions
- 71.70.Jp Nuclear states and interactions
- 71.90.+q Other topics in electronic structure
72.00.00 Electronic transport in condensed matter
- 72.10.−d Theory of electronic transport; scattering mechanisms
- 72.10.Bg General formulation of transport theory
- 72.10.Di Scattering by phonons, magnons, and other nonlocalized excitations
- 72.10.Fk Scattering by point defects, dislocations, surfaces, and other imperfections (including Kondo effect)
- 72.15.−v Electronic conduction in metals and alloys
- 72.15.Cz Electrical and thermal conduction in amorphous and liquid metals and alloys
- 72.15.Eb Electrical and thermal conduction in crystalline metals and alloys
- 72.15.Gd Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects
- 72.15.Jf Thermoelectric and thermomagnetic effects
- 72.15.Lh Relaxation times and mean free paths
- 72.15.Qm Scattering mechanisms and Kondo effect
- 72.15.Rn Localization effects (Anderson or weak localization)
- 72.20.−i Conductivity phenomena in semiconductors and insulators
- 72.20.Dp General theory, scattering mechanisms
- 72.20.Ee Mobility edges; hopping transport
- 72.20.Fr Low-field transport and mobility; piezoresistance
- 72.20.Ht High-field and nonlinear effects
- 72.20.Jv Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, and trapping
- 72.20.My Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects
- 72.20.Pa Thermoelectric and thermomagnetic effects
- 72.25.−b Spin polarized transport
- 72.25.Ba Spin polarized transport in metals
- 72.25.Dc Spin polarized transport in semiconductors
- 72.25.Hg Electrical injection of spin polarized carriers
- 72.25.Pn Current-driven spin pumping
- 72.30.+q High-frequency effects; plasma effects
- 72.40.+w Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects
- 72.50.+b Acoustoelectric effects
- 72.55.+s Magnetoacoustic effects
- 72.60.+g Mixed conductivity and conductivity transitions
- 72.70.+m Noise processes and phenomena
- 72.80.−r Conductivity of specific materials
- 72.80.Cw Elemental semiconductors
- 72.80.Ey III-V and II-VI semiconductors
- 72.80.Jc Other crystalline inorganic semiconductors
- 72.80.Le Polymers; organic compounds (including organic semiconductors)
- 72.80.Ng Disordered solids
- 72.80.Ph Liquid semiconductors
- 72.80.Rj Fullerenes and related materials
- 72.80.Tm Composite materials
- 72.80.Vp Electronic transport in graphene
- 72.90.+y Other topics in electronic transport in condensed matter
73.00.00 Electronic structure and electrical properties of surfaces, interfaces, thin films, and low-dimensional structures
- 73.20.−r Electron states at surfaces and interfaces
- 73.20.At Surface states, band structure, electron density of states
- 73.20.Jc Delocalization processes
- 73.20.Mf Collective excitations
- 73.20.Qt Electron solids
- 73.21.−b Electron states and collective excitations in multilayers, quantum wells, mesoscopic, and nanoscale systems
- 73.21.Cd Superlattices
- 73.21.Fg Quantum wells
- 73.21.La Quantum dots
- 73.22.−f Electronic structure of nanoscale materials and related systems
- 73.23.−b Electronic transport in mesoscopic systems
- 73.25.+i Surface conductivity and carrier phenomena
- 73.30.+y Surface double layers, Schottky barriers, and work functions
- 73.40.−c Electronic transport in interface structures
- 73.40.Cg Contact resistance, contact potential
- 73.40.Gk Tunneling
- 73.40.Jn Metal-to-metal contacts
- 73.40.Kp III-V semiconductor-to-semiconductor contacts, p-n junctions, and heterojunctions
- 73.40.Lq Other semiconductor-to-semiconductor contacts, p-n junctions, and heterojunctions
- 73.40.Mr Semiconductor-electrolyte contacts
- 73.40.Ns Metal-nonmetal contacts
- 73.40.Qv Metal-insulator-semiconductor structures (including semiconductor-to-insulator)
- 73.43.−f Quantum Hall effects
- 73.43.Cd Theory and modeling
- 73.43.Fj Novel experimental methods; measurements
- 73.43.Jn Tunneling
- 73.43.Qt Magnetoresistance
- 73.50.−h Electronic transport phenomena in thin films
- 73.50.Gr Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, trapping, mean free paths
- 73.50.Jt Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects (including thermomagnetic effects)
- 73.50.Lw Thermoelectric effects
- 73.50.Mx High-frequency effects; plasma effects
- 73.50.Pz Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects
- 73.61.−r Electrical properties of specific thin films
- 73.61.At Metal and metallic alloys
- 73.61.Le Other inorganic semiconductors
- 73.63.−b Electronic transport in nanoscale materials and structures
- 73.63.Fg Nanotubes
- 73.63.Hs Quantum wells
- 73.63.Rt Nanoscale contacts
- 73.90.+f Other topics in electronic structure and electrical properties of surfaces, interfaces, thin films, and low-dimensional structures
74.00.00 Superconductivity
- 74.10.+v Occurrence, potential candidates
- 74.20.−z Theories and models of superconducting state
- 74.20.De Phenomenological theories (two-fluid, Ginzburg-Landau, etc.)
- 74.20.Fg BCS theory and its development
- 74.20.Mn Nonconventional mechanisms
- 74.20.Rp Pairing symmetries (other than s-wave)
- 74.25.−q Properties of superconductors
- 74.25.Bt Thermodynamic properties
- 74.25.Dw Superconductivity phase diagrams
- 74.25.Fy Transport properties (electric and thermal conductivity, thermoelectric effects, etc.)
- 74.25.Gz Optical properties
- 74.25.Ha Magnetic properties including vortex structures and related phenomena
- 74.25.Jb Electronic structure (photoemission, etc.)
- 74.25.Kc Phonons
- 74.25.Ld Mechanical and acoustical properties, elasticity, and ultrasonic attenuation
- 74.25.Nf Response to electromagnetic fields (nuclear magnetic resonance, surface impedance, etc.)
- 74.25.Op Mixed states, critical fields, and surface sheaths
- 74.25.Qt Vortex lattices, flux pinning, flux creep
- 74.25.Sv Critical currents
- 74.25.Uv Vortex phases (includes vortex lattices, vortex liquids, and vortex glasses)
- 74.40.+k Fluctuations (noise, chaos, nonequilibrium superconductivity, localization, etc.)
- 74.45.+c Proximity effects; Andreev reflection; SN and SNS junctions
- 74.50.+r Tunneling phenomena; Josephson effects
- 74.62.−c Transition temperature variations, phase diagrams
- 74.62.Bf Effects of material synthesis, crystal structure, and chemical composition
- 74.62.Dh Effects of crystal defects, doping and substitution
- 74.62.Fj Effects of pressure
- 74.70.−b Superconducting materials other than cuprates
- 74.70.Ad Metals; alloys and binary compounds (including A15, MgB2, etc.)
- 74.70.Dd Ternary, quaternary, and multinary compounds (including Chevrel phases, borocarbides, etc.)
- 74.70.Kn Organic superconductors
- 74.70.Tx Heavy-fermion superconductors
- 74.72.−h Cuprate superconductors
- 74.72.Bk Y-based cuprates
- 74.72.Dn La-based cuprates
- 74.72.Hs Bi-based cuprates
- 74.72.Jt Other cuprates, including Tl and Hg-based cuprates
- 74.78.−w Superconducting films and low-dimensional structures
- 74.78.Bz High-Tc films
- 74.81.Bd Granular, melt-textured, amorphous, and composite superconductors
- 74.90.+n Other topics in superconductivity
75.00.00 Magnetic properties and materials
- 75.10.−b General theory and models of magnetic ordering
- 75.10.Dg Crystal-field theory and spin Hamiltonians
- 75.10.Hk Classical spin models
- 75.10.Jm Quantized spin models, including quantum spin frustration
- 75.10.Lp Band and itinerant models
- 75.10.Nr Spin-glass and other random models
- 75.20.−g Diamagnetism, paramagnetism, and superparamagnetism
- 75.20.Ck Nonmetals
- 75.25.+z Spin arrangements in magnetically ordered materials
- 75.30.−m Intrinsic properties of magnetically ordered materials
- 75.30.Cr Saturation moments and magnetic susceptibilities
- 75.30.Ds Spin waves
- 75.30.Et Exchange and superexchange interactions
- 75.30.Fv Spin-density waves
- 75.30.Gw Magnetic anisotropy
- 75.30.Hx Magnetic impurity interactions
- 75.30.Kz Magnetic phase boundaries
- 75.30.Mb Valence fluctuation, Kondo lattice, and heavy-fermion phenomena
- 75.30.Sg Magnetocaloric effect, magnetic cooling
- 75.40.−s Critical-point effects, specific heats, short-range order
- 75.40.Cx Static properties (order parameter, static susceptibility, heat capacities, critical exponents, etc.)
- 75.40.Gb Dynamic properties (dynamic susceptibility, spin waves, spin diffusion, dynamic scaling, etc.)
- 75.45.+j Macroscopic quantum phenomena in magnetic systems
- 75.47.−m Magnetotransport phenomena; materials for magnetotransport
- 75.47.Lx Magnetic oxides
- 75.47.Np Metals and alloys
- 75.50.−y Studies of specific magnetic materials
- 75.50.Bb Fe and its alloys
- 75.50.Cc Other ferromagnetic metals and alloys
- 75.50.Dd Nonmetallic ferromagnetic materials
- 75.50.Ee Antiferromagnetics
- 75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
- 75.50.Kj Amorphous and quasicrystalline magnetic materials
- 75.50.Lk Spin glasses and other random magnets
- 75.50.Mm Magnetic liquids
- 75.50.Pp Magnetic semiconductors
- 75.50.Ss Magnetic recording materials
- 75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
- 75.50.Ww Permanent magnets
- 75.60.−d Domain effects, magnetization curves, and hysteresis
- 75.60.Ch Domain walls and domain structure
- 75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
- 75.60.Jk Magnetization reversal mechanisms
- 75.70.−i Magnetic properties of thin films, surfaces, and interfaces
- 75.70.Ak Magnetic properties of monolayers and thin films
- 75.70.Cn Magnetic properties of interfaces (multilayers, superlattices, heterostructures)
- 75.70.Kw Domain structure
- 75.70.Rf Surface magnetism
- 75.75.−c Magnetic properties of nanostructures
- 75.76.+j Spin transport effects
- 75.78.−n Magnetization dynamics
- 75.80.+q Magnetomechanical effects, magnetostriction
- 75.85.+t Magnetoelectric effects, multiferroics
- 75.90.+w Other topics in magnetic properties and materials
76.00.00 Magnetic resonances and relaxations in condensed matter, mössbauer effect
- 76.20.+q General theory of resonances and relaxations
- 76.30.−v Electron paramagnetic resonance and relaxation
- 76.30.Da Ions and impurities: general
- 76.30.Fc Iron group (3d) ions and impurities (Ti-Cu)
- 76.30.Kg Rare-earth ions and impurities
- 76.30.Lh Other ions and impurities
- 76.30.Mi Color centers and other defects
- 76.30.Pk Conduction electrons
- 76.30.Rn Free radicals
- 76.40.+b Diamagnetic and cyclotron resonances
- 76.50.+g Ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic resonances; spin-wave resonance
- 76.60.−k Nuclear magnetic resonance and relaxation
- 76.60.Cq Chemical and Knight shifts
- 76.60.Es Relaxation effects
- 76.60.Gv Quadrupole resonance
- 76.60.Jx Effects of internal magnetic fields
- 76.60.Lz Spin echoes
- 76.70.−r Magnetic double resonances and cross effects
- 76.70.Dx Electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), electron double resonance (ELDOR)
- 76.70.Fz Double nuclear magnetic resonance (DNMR), dynamical nuclear polarization
- 76.75.+i Muon spin rotation and relaxation
- 76.80.+y Mössbauer effect; other γ-ray spectroscopy
77.00.00 Dielectrics, piezoelectrics, and ferroelectrics and their properties
- 77.22.−d Dielectric properties of solids and liquids
- 77.22.Ch Permittivity
- 77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
- 77.22.Gm Dielectric loss and relaxation
- 77.22.Jp Dielectric breakdown and space-charge effects
- 77.55.+f Dielectric thin films
- 77.55.−g Dielectric thin films
- 77.65.−j Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects
- 77.65.Dq Acoustoelectric effects and surface acoustic waves
- 77.65.Fs Electromechanical resonance; quartz resonators
- 77.70.+a Pyroelectric and electrocaloric effects
- 77.80.−e Ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity
- 77.80.Bh Phase transitions and Curie point
- 77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
- 77.84.−s Dielectric, piezoelectric, ferroelectric, and antiferroelectric materials
- 77.84.Bw Elements, oxides, nitrides, borides, carbides, chalcogenides, etc.
- 77.84.Dy Niobates, titanates, tantalates, PZT ceramics, etc.
- 77.84.Fa KDP- and TGS-type crystals
- 77.84.Nh Liquids, emulsions, and suspensions; liquid crystals
- 77.90.+k Other topics in dielectrics, piezoelectrics, and ferroelectrics and their properties
78.00.00 Optical properties, condensed-matter spectroscopy and other interactions of radiation and particles with condensed matter
- 78.20.−e Optical properties of bulk materials and thin films
- 78.20.Bh Theory, models, and numerical simulation
- 78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
- 78.20.Ek Optical activity
- 78.20.Fm Birefringence
- 78.20.Hp Piezo-, elasto-, and acoustooptical effects; photoacoustic effects
- 78.20.Jq Electro-optical effects
- 78.20.Ls Magneto-optical effects
- 78.20.Nv Thermooptical and photothermal effects
- 78.20.nb Photothermal effects
- 78.30.−j Infrared and Raman spectra
- 78.30.Cp Liquids
- 78.30.Er Solid metals and alloys
- 78.30.Fs III-V and II-VI semiconductors
- 78.30.Hv Other nonmetallic inorganics
- 78.30.Jw Organic compounds, polymers
- 78.30.Ly Disordered solids
- 78.30.Na Fullerenes and related materials
- 78.35.+c Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering; other light scattering
- 78.40.−q Absorption and reflection spectra: visible and ultraviolet
- 78.40.Dw Liquids
- 78.40.Me Organic compounds and polymers
- 78.45.+h Stimulated emission
- 78.47.+p Time-resolved optical spectroscopies and other ultrafast optical measurements in condensed matter
- 78.55.−m Photoluminescence, properties and materials
- 78.55.Ap Elemental semiconductors
- 78.55.Bq Liquids
- 78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors
- 78.55.Et II-VI semiconductors
- 78.55.Fv Solid alkali halides
- 78.55.Hx Other solid inorganic materials
- 78.55.Kz Solid organic materials
- 78.60.−b Other luminescence and radiative recombination
- 78.60.Fi Electroluminescence
- 78.60.Hk Cathodoluminescence, ionoluminescence
- 78.60.Mq Sonoluminescence, triboluminescence
- 78.60.Ps Chemiluminescence
- 78.66.−w Optical properties of specific thin films
- 78.66.Bz Metals and metallic alloys
- 78.66.Jg Amorphous semiconductors; glasses
- 78.66.Li Other semiconductors
- 78.67.−n Optical properties of low-dimensional, mesoscopic, and nanoscale materials and structures
- 78.67.De Quantum wells
- 78.67.Pt Multilayers; superlattices; photonic structures; metamaterials
- 78.68.+m Optical properties of surfaces
- 78.70.−g Interactions of particles and radiation with matter
- 78.70.Bj Positron annihilation
- 78.70.Ck X-ray scattering
- 78.70.Dm X-ray absorption spectra
- 78.70.En X-ray emission spectra and fluorescence
- 78.70.Gq Microwave and radio-frequency interactions
- 78.70.Nx Neutron inelastic scattering
- 78.90.+t Other topics in optical properties, condensed matter spectroscopy and other interactions of particles and radiation with condensed matter
79.00.00 Electron and ion emission by liquids and solids; impact phenomena
- 79.20.Ds Laser-beam impact phenomena
- 79.20.Eb Laser ablation
- 79.20.Fv Electron impact: Auger emission
- 79.20.Hx Electron impact: secondary emission
- 79.20.La Photon- and electron-stimulated desorption
- 79.20.Rf Atomic, molecular, and ion beam impact and interactions with surfaces
- 79.40.+z Thermionic emission
- 79.60.−i Photoemission and photoelectron spectra
- 79.60.Bm Clean metal, semiconductor, and insulator surfaces
- 79.60.Cn Liquids and liquid surfaces
- 79.60.Jv Interfaces; heterostructures; nanostructures
- 79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
- 79.75.+g Exoelectron emission
- 79.90.+b Other topics in electron and ion emission by liquids and solids and impact phenomena
81.00.00 Materials science
- 81.05.Hd Other semiconductors
- 81.05.ue Graphene
- 81.10.−h Methods of crystal growth; physics and chemistry of crystal growth, crystal morphology, and orientation
- 81.10.Aj Theory and models of crystal growth; physics and chemistry of crystal growth, crystal morphology, and orientation
- 81.10.Bk Growth from vapor
- 81.10.Dn Growth from solutions
- 81.10.Fq Growth from melts; zone melting and refining
- 81.15.−z Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy
- 81.15.Cd Deposition by sputtering
- 81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition
- 81.15.Hi Molecular, atomic, ion, and chemical beam epitaxy
- 81.20.−n Methods of materials synthesis and materials processing
- 81.30.−t Phase diagrams and microstructures developed by solidification and solid-solid phase transformations
- 81.30.Bx Phase diagrams of metals, alloys, and oxides
- 81.30.Dz Phase diagrams of other materials
- 81.30.Fb Solidification
- 81.30.Hd Constant-composition solid-solid phase transformations: polymorphic, massive, and order-disorder
- 81.30.Kf Martensitic transformations
- 81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
- 81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
- 81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
- 81.40.Np Fatigue, corrosion fatigue, embrittlement, cracking, fracture, and failure
- 81.40.Pq Friction, lubrication, and wear
- 81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning
- 81.65.Mq Oxidation
- 81.70.−q Methods of materials testing and analysis
- 81.70.Bt Mechanical testing, impact tests, static and dynamic loads
- 81.70.Cv Nondestructive testing: ultrasonic testing, photoacoustic testing
- 81.70.Ex Nondestructive testing: electromagnetic testing, eddy-current testing
- 81.70.Ha Testing in microgravity environments
82.00.00 Physical chemistry and chemical physics
- 82.20.−w Chemical kinetics and dynamics
- 82.20.Fd Collision theories; trajectory models
- 82.20.Hf Product distribution
- 82.20.Ln Semiclassical theory of reactions and/or energy transfer
- 82.20.Nk Classical theories of reactions and/or energy transfer
- 82.20.Pm Rate constants, reaction cross sections, and activation energies
- 82.30.−b Specific chemical reactions; reaction mechanisms
- 82.30.Cf Atom and radical reactions; chain reactions; molecule-molecule reactions
- 82.30.Fi Ion-molecule, ion-ion, and charge-transfer reactions
- 82.30.Gg Positronium chemistry
- 82.30.Lp Decomposition reactions (pyrolysis, dissociation, and fragmentation)
- 82.33.Pt Solid state chemistry
- 82.33.Vx Reactions in flames, combustion, and explosions
- 82.33.Xj Plasma reactions (including flowing afterglow and electric discharges)
- 82.35.−x Polymers: properties; reactions; polymerization
- 82.35.Jk Copolymers, phase transitions, structure
- 82.35.Rs Polyelectrolytes
- 82.39.−k Chemical kinetics in biological systems
- 82.39.Wj Ion exchange, dialysis, osmosis, electro-osmosis, membrane processes
- 82.40.−g Chemical kinetics and reactions: special regimes and techniques
- 82.40.Fp Shock wave initiated reactions, high-pressure chemistry
- 82.45.Fk Electrodes
- 82.45.Gj Electrolytes
- 82.45.Vp Semiconductor materials in electrochemistry
- 82.47.−a Applied electrochemistry
- 82.50.−m Photochemistry
- 82.50.Hp Processes caused by visible and UV light
- 82.60.Cx Enthalpies of combustion, reaction, and formation
- 82.60.Hc Chemical equilibria and equilibrium constants
- 82.60.Lf Thermodynamics of solutions
- 82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces
- 82.70.Dd Colloids
- 82.70.Gg Gels and sols
- 82.70.Kj Emulsions and suspensions
- 82.70.Rr Aerosols and foams
- 82.70.Uv Surfactants, micellar solutions, vesicles, lamellae, amphiphilic systems,
- 82.80.−d Chemical analysis and related physical methods of analysis
- 82.80.Ej X-ray, Mössbauer, and other γ-ray spectroscopic analysis methods
- 82.80.Gk Analytical methods involving vibrational spectroscopy
- 82.80.Pv Electron spectroscopy (X-ray photoelectron (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), etc.)
- 82.90.+j Other topics in physical chemistry and chemical physics
84.00.00 Electronics; radiowave and microwave technology; direct energy conversion and storage
- 84.30.Jc Power electronics; power supply circuits
- 84.30.Le Amplifiers
- 84.30.Ng Oscillators, pulse generators, and function generators
- 84.30.Qi Modulators and demodulators; discriminators, comparators, mixers, limiters, and compressors
- 84.30.Sk Pulse and digital circuits
- 84.30.Vn Filters
- 84.32.Dd Connectors, relays, and switches
- 84.32.Ff Conductors, resistors (including thermistors, varistors, and photoresistors)
- 84.32.Hh Inductors and coils; wiring
- 84.32.Tt Capacitors
- 84.35.+i Neural networks
- 84.37.+q Measurements in electric variables (including voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, inductance, impedance, and admittance, etc.)
- 84.40.−x Radiowave and microwave
- 84.40.Az Waveguides, transmission lines, striplines
- 84.40.Ba Antennas: theory, components and accessories
- 84.40.Fe Microwave tubes (e.g., klystrons, magnetrons, traveling-wave, backward-wave tubes, etc.)
- 84.40.Ik Masers; gyrotrons (cyclotron-resonance masers)
- 84.40.Lj Microwave integrated electronics
- 84.40.Ua Telecommunications: signal transmission and processing; communication satellites
- 84.40.Xb Telemetry: remote control, remote sensing; radar
- 84.47.+w Vacuum tubes
- 84.60.−h Direct energy conversion and storage
- 84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion: solar cells and arrays
- 84.70.+p High-current and high-voltage technology: power systems; power transmission lines and cables
- 84.71.Ba Superconducting magnets; magnetic levitation devices
- 84.71.Mn Superconducting wires, fibers, and tapes
85.00.00 Electronic and magnetic devices; microelectronics
- 85.25.−j Superconducting devices
- 85.30.−z Semiconductor devices
- 85.30.De Semiconductor-device characterization, design, and modeling
- 85.30.Kk Junction diodes
- 85.30.Mn Junction breakdown and tunneling devices (including resonance tunneling devices)
- 85.30.Tv Field effect devices
- 85.40.−e Microelectronics: LSI, VLSI, ULSI; integrated circuit fabrication technology
- 85.40.Bh Computer-aided design of microcircuits; layout and modeling
- 85.40.Hp Lithography, masks and pattern transfer
- 85.40.Qx Microcircuit quality, noise, performance, and failure analysis
- 85.60.−q Optoelectronic devices
- 85.60.Dw Photodiodes; phototransistors; photoresistors
- 85.60.Gz Photodetectors
- 85.60.Ha Photomultipliers; phototubes and photocathodes
- 85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices
- 85.60.Pg Display systems
- 85.65.+h Molecular electronic devices
- 85.70.−w Magnetic devices
- 85.70.Li Other magnetic recording and storage devices (including tapes, disks, and drums)
- 85.70.Sq Magnetooptical devices
- 85.80.Fi Thermoelectric devices
87.00.00 Biological and medical physics
- 87.10.+e General theory and mathematical aspects
- 87.10.−e General theory and mathematical aspects
- 87.10.Ed Ordinary differential equations (ODE), partial differential equations (PDE), integrodifferential models
- 87.14.−g Biomolecules: types
- 87.14.Cc Lipids
- 87.14.Ee Proteins
- 87.14.G− Nucleic acids
- 87.14.Gg DNA, RNA
- 87.15.−v Biomolecules: structure and physical properties
- 87.15.Aa Theory and modeling; computer simulation
- 87.15.By Structure and bonding
- 87.15.Cc Folding: thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, models, and pathways
- 87.15.He Dynamics and conformational changes
- 87.15.Kg Molecular interactions; membrane-protein interactions
- 87.15.La Mechanical properties
- 87.15.Mi Spectra, photodissociation, and photoionization; luminescence
- 87.15.Nn Properties of solutions; aggregation and crystallization of macromolecules
- 87.15.Rn Reactions and kinetics; polymerization
- 87.15.Tt Electrophoresis
- 87.15.ht Ultrafast dynamics; charge transfer
- 87.16.−b Subcellular structure and processes
- 87.16.Dg Membranes, bilayers, and vesicles
- 87.16.Sr Chromosomes, histones
- 87.16.Tb Mitochondria and other organelles
- 87.16.Uv Active transport processes
- 87.17.−d Cell processes
- 87.17.Ee Growth and division
- 87.17.Jj Cell locomotion, chemotaxis
- 87.18.−h Biological complexity
- 87.18.Ed Cell aggregation
- 87.18.Hf Spatiotemporal pattern formation in cellular populations
- 87.18.Sn Neural networks and synaptic communication
- 87.19.−j Properties of higher organisms
- 87.19.Dd Information processing in vision and hearing
- 87.19.Ff Muscles
- 87.19.La Neuroscience
- 87.19.Nn Electrophysiology
- 87.19.Rr Mechanical properties of tissues and organs
- 87.19.Xx Diseases
- 87.19.xj Cancer
- 87.23.−n Ecology and evolution
- 87.23.Kg Dynamics of evolution
- 87.50.−a Effects of electromagnetic and acoustic fields on biological systems
- 87.50.Jk Radio frequency and microwave radiation (power lines)
- 87.50.Mn Magnetic fields
- 87.52.−g Radiation monitoring, control, and safety
- 87.53.−j Effects of ionizing radiation on biological systems
- 87.53.Qc Proton, neutron, and heavier particle dosimetry: measurements
- 87.53.Tf Treatment planning, optimization, tissue response factors, and dose-volume analysis
- 87.63.Lk Visible radiation: diaphanography, transillumination, laser imaging
- 87.64.−t Spectroscopic and microscopic techniques in biophysics and medical physics
- 87.64.Cc Scattering of visible, uv, and infrared radiation
- 87.64.Ee Electron microscopy
- 87.64.Gb X-ray spectroscopy
- 87.64.Je Infrared and Raman spectroscopy
- 87.64.Pj Mossbauer spectroscopy
- 87.66.Jj Ionization dosimetry
- 87.68.+z Biomaterials and biological interfaces
- 87.80.−y Biophysical techniques (research methods)
- 87.80.Rb Tissue and cellular engineering and biotechnology
89.00.00 Other areas of applied and interdisciplinary physics
- 89.20.Bb Industrial and technological research and development
- 89.20.Dd Military technology and weapons systems; arms control
- 89.20.Kk Engineering
- 89.30.Cc Solar power
- 89.30.Gg Nuclear fission power
- 89.30.Jj Nuclear fusion power
- 89.60.−k Environmental studies
- 89.60.Gg Impact of natural and man-made disasters
- 89.65.Gh Economics; econophysics, financial markets, business and management
- 89.70.+c Information theory and communication theory
- 89.90.+n Other topics in areas of applied and interdisciplinary physics
91.00.00 Solid earth physics
- 91.10.Kg Crustal movements and deformation
- 91.10.Nj Rotational variations; polar wobble
- 91.10.Op Gravity anomalies; time variable gravity
- 91.25.−r Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism; geoelectricity
- 91.25.Cw Origins and models of the magnetic field; dynamo theories
- 91.25.Le Time variations in geomagnetism
- 91.25.Mf Magnetic field reversals: process and timescale
- 91.25.Qi Geoelectricity, electromagnetic induction, and telluric currents
- 91.25.St Magnetic fabrics and anisotropy
- 91.30.−f Seismology
- 91.30.Cd Body wave propagation
- 91.30.Dk Seismicity
- 91.30.Nw Tsunamis
- 91.30.Px Earthquakes
- 91.32.De Crust and lithosphere
- 91.35.−x Earth’s interior structure and properties
- 91.35.Dc Heat flow; geothermy
- 91.35.Ed Structure of the Earth’s interior below the upper mantle
- 91.35.Gf Structure of the crust and upper mantle
- 91.35.Lj Composition and state of the Earth’s interior
- 91.40.Jk Magma migration
- 91.60.Np Permeability and porosity
- 91.60.Pn Magnetic and electrical properties
- 91.65.Ej Extrusive structures and rocks
- 91.65.Gk Intrusive structures and rocks
- 91.67.−y Geochemistry
92.00.00 Hydrospheric and atmospheric geophysics
- 92.05.Hj Physical and chemical properties of seawater (salinity, density, temperature)
- 92.10.−c Physical oceanography
- 92.10.Fj Upper ocean and mixed layer processes
- 92.10.Hm Ocean waves and oscillations
- 92.10.Lq Turbulence, diffusion, and mixing processes in oceanography
- 92.10.Ns Fine structure and microstructure in oceanography
- 92.10.Vz Underwater sound
- 92.10.ab General circulation
- 92.10.ak Eddies and mesoscale processes
- 92.40.Zg Hydrometeorology, hydroclimatology
- 92.60.−e Properties and dynamics of the atmosphere; meteorology
- 92.60.Aa Modeling and model calibration
- 92.60.Bh General circulation
- 92.60.Ek Convection, turbulence, and diffusion
- 92.60.Fm Boundary layer structure and processes
- 92.60.H− Atmospheric composition, structure, and properties
- 92.60.Hp Chemical composition and chemical interactions
- 92.60.Jq Water in the atmosphere
- 92.60.Ls Ion chemistry of the atmosphere
- 92.60.Mt Particles and aerosols
- 92.60.Nv Cloud physics and chemistry
- 92.60.Pw Atmospheric electricity, lightning
- 92.60.Qx Storms
- 92.60.Ry Climatology, climate change and variability
- 92.60.Sz Air quality and air pollution
- 92.60.Ta Electromagnetic wave propagation
- 92.60.Vb Radiative processes, solar radiation
- 92.60.Wc Weather analysis and prediction
- 92.60.Xg Stratosphere/troposphere interactions
- 92.60.hc Mesospheric composition, energy deposition, constituent transport and chemistry
- 92.60.hd Stratospheric composition and chemistry
- 92.60.hf Tropospheric composition and chemistry, constituent transport and chemistry
- 92.60.hh Acoustic gravity waves, tides, and compressional waves
- 92.60.hk Convection, turbulence, and diffusion
- 92.60.hv Pressure, density, and temperature
- 92.60.hw Airglow and aurorae
- 92.70.Gt Climate dynamics
- 92.90.+x Other topics in hydrospheric and atmospheric geophysics
93.00.00 Geophysical observations, instrumentation, and techniques
- 93.30.Bz Africa
- 93.30.Db Asia
- 93.85.+q Instrumentation and techniques for geophysical research
- 93.85.−q Instruments and techniques for geophysical research: Exploration geophysics
- 93.85.Jk Magnetic and electrical methods
94.00.00 Physics of the ionosphere and magnetosphere
- 94.05.−a Space plasma physics
- 94.05.Dd Radiation processes
- 94.05.Jq Spacecraft sheaths, wakes, and charging
- 94.05.Sd Space weather
- 94.10.−s Physics of the neutral atmosphere
- 94.10.Lf Convection, diffusion, mixing, turbulence, and fallout
- 94.20.−y Physics of the ionosphere
- 94.20.Ac Auroral ionosphere
- 94.20.Bb Wave propagation
- 94.20.D− Ionospheric structure, composition
- 94.20.Fg Plasma temperature and density
- 94.20.Ss Electric fields; current system
- 94.20.Tt Ionospheric soundings; active experiments
- 94.20.Vv Ionospheric disturbances, irregularities, and storms
- 94.20.Xa Meteor-trail physics
- 94.20.de D region
- 94.20.dg E region
- 94.20.dj F region
- 94.20.dk Polar cap ionosphere
- 94.20.dv Ion chemistry and composition; ionization mechanisms
- 94.20.wc Plasma motion; plasma convection; particle acceleration
- 94.20.wf Plasma waves and instabilities
- 94.20.wh Ionosphere/magnetosphere interactions
- 94.20.wj Wave/particle interactions
- 94.20.wl Plasma interactions with dust and aerosols
- 94.20.wq Solar radiation and cosmic ray effects
- 94.20.ws Electromagnetic wave propagation
- 94.30.−d Physics of the magnetosphere
- 94.30.Aa Auroral phenomena in magnetosphere
- 94.30.Hn Energetic trapped particles
- 94.30.Kq Electric fields, field-aligned currents and current systems, and ring currents
- 94.30.Lr Magnetic storms, substorms
- 94.30.Ms Magnetic pulsations
- 94.30.Ny Energetic particle precipitation
- 94.30.Tz Electromagnetic wave propagation
- 94.30.Va Magnetosphere interactions
- 94.30.Xy Radiation belts
- 94.30.cg Magnetospheric cusp
- 94.30.ch Magnetopause
- 94.30.cl Magnetotail
- 94.30.cq MHD waves, plasma waves, and instabilities
- 94.30.cs Plasma motion; plasma convection
- 94.30.ct Plasma sheet
- 94.30.cv Plasmasphere
- 94.80.+g Instrumentation for space plasma physics, ionosphere, and magnetosphere
95.00.00 Fundamental astronomy and astrophysics; instrumentation, techniques, and astronomical observations
- 95.10.−a Fundamental astronomy
- 95.10.Ce Celestial mechanics
- 95.10.Eg Orbit determination and improvement
- 95.10.Jk Astrometry and reference systems
- 95.10.Km Ephemerides, almanacs, and calendars
- 95.30.−k Fundamental aspects of astrophysics
- 95.30.Cq Elementary particle processes
- 95.30.Dr Atomic processes and interactions
- 95.30.Gv Radiation mechanisms; polarization
- 95.30.Jx Radiative transfer; scattering
- 95.30.Ky Atomic and molecular data, spectra, and spectral parameters (opacities, rotation constants, line identification, oscillator strengths, gf values, transition probabilities, etc.)
- 95.30.Lz Hydrodynamics
- 95.30.Qd Magnetohydrodynamics and plasmas
- 95.30.Sf Relativity and gravitation
- 95.30.Tg Thermodynamic processes, conduction, convection, equations of state
- 95.30.Wi Dust processes (condensation, evaporation, sputtering, mantle growth, etc.)
- 95.35.+d Dark matter
- 95.40.+s Artificial Earth satellites
- 95.45.+i Observatories and site testing
- 95.55.−n Astronomical and space-research instrumentation
- 95.55.Br Astrometric and interferometric instruments
- 95.55.Cs Ground-based ultraviolet, optical and infrared telescopes
- 95.55.Ev Solar instruments
- 95.55.Fw Space-based ultraviolet, optical, and infrared telescopes
- 95.55.Jz Radio telescopes and instrumentation; heterodyne receivers
- 95.55.Ka X- and γ-ray telescopes and instrumentation
- 95.55.Qf Photometric, polarimetric, and spectroscopic instrumentation
- 95.55.Vj Neutrino, muon, pion, and other elementary particle detectors; cosmic ray detectors
- 95.55.Ym Gravitational radiation detectors; mass spectrometers; and other instrumentation and techniques
- 95.75.−z Observation and data reduction techniques; computer modeling and simulation
- 95.75.De Photography and photometry (including microlensing techniques)
- 95.75.Fg Spectroscopy and spectrophotometry
- 95.75.Kk Interferometry
- 95.75.Mn Image processing (including source extraction)
- 95.75.Qr Adaptive and segmented optics
- 95.80.+p Astronomical catalogs, atlases, sky surveys, databases, retrieval systems, archives, etc.
- 95.85.−e Astronomical observations (additional primary heading(s) must be chosen with these entries to represent the astronomical objects and/or properties studied)
- 95.85.Bh Radio, microwave (>1 mm)
- 95.85.Fm Submillimeter (300 μm-1 mm)
- 95.85.Jq Near infrared (0.75-3 μm)
- 95.85.Pw γ-ray
- 95.85.Ry Neutrino, muon, pion, and other elementary particles; cosmic rays
- 95.85.Sz Gravitational radiation, magnetic fields, and other observations
96.00.00 Solar system; planetology
- 96.10.+i General; solar nebula; cosmogony
- 96.12.−a Planetology of solid surface planets
- 96.12.Bc Origin and evolution
- 96.12.De Orbital and rotational dynamics
- 96.12.Fe Gravitational fields
- 96.12.Hg Magnetic field and magnetism
- 96.12.Jt Atmospheres
- 96.12.Kz Surfaces
- 96.12.Ma Composition
- 96.12.Pc Interiors
- 96.15.De Orbital and rotational dynamics
- 96.15.Ef Gravitational fields
- 96.15.Gh Magnetic field and magnetism
- 96.15.Hy Atmospheres
- 96.15.Uv Rings and dust
- 96.20.−n Moon
- 96.20.Dt Features, landmarks, mineralogy, and petrology
- 96.20.Jz Gravitational field, selenodesy, and magnetic fields
- 96.25.−f Planetology of comets and small bodies
- 96.25.De Orbital and rotational dynamics
- 96.25.Hs Composition
- 96.25.Qr Interactions with solar wind plasma and fields
- 96.25.St Plasma and MHD instabilities
- 96.25.Tg Radiation and spectra
- 96.30.−t Solar system objects
- 96.30.Cw Comets
- 96.30.Dz Mercury
- 96.30.Ea Venus
- 96.30.Gc Mars
- 96.30.Hf Martian satellites
- 96.30.Kf Jupiter
- 96.30.Mh Saturn
- 96.30.Pj Uranus
- 96.30.Qk Uranian satellites
- 96.30.Vb Dust, extraterrestrial materials
- 96.30.Wr Planetary rings
- 96.30.Ys Asteroids, meteoroids
- 96.30.Za Meteors, meteorites and tektites
- 96.40.Fg Energetic solar particles and photons
- 96.50.−e Interplanetary physics
- 96.50.Bh Interplanetary magnetic fields
- 96.50.Ci Solar wind plasma; sources of solar wind
- 96.50.Dj Interplanetary dust and gas
- 96.50.Ek Heliopause and solar wind termination
- 96.50.Fm Planetary bow shocks; interplanetary shocks
- 96.50.Gn Comets
- 96.50.Qx Corotating streams
- 96.50.S− Cosmic rays
- 96.50.Tf MHD waves; plasma waves, turbulence
- 96.50.Vg Energetic particles
- 96.50.Xy Heliosphere/interstellar medium interactions
- 96.50.sb Composition, energy spectra and interactions
- 96.50.sd Extensive air showers
- 96.50.sf Interactions with terrestrial matter
- 96.50.sh Interplanetary propagation and effects
- 96.60.−j Solar physics
- 96.60.Bn Diameter, rotation, and mass
- 96.60.Fs Composition
- 96.60.Hv Electric and magnetic fields, solar magnetism
- 96.60.Iv Magnetic reconnection
- 96.60.Jw Solar interior
- 96.60.Ly Helioseismology, pulsations, and shock waves
- 96.60.Mz Photosphere
- 96.60.Na Chromosphere
- 96.60.P− Corona
- 96.60.Q− Solar activity
- 96.60.Qc Sunspots, faculae, plages
- 96.60.Rd Flares, bursts, and related phenomena
- 96.60.Se Prominences
- 96.60.Tf Solar electromagnetic emission
- 96.60.Ub Solar irradiance
- 96.60.Vg Particle emission, solar wind
- 96.60.pf Coronal loops, streamers
- 96.60.qd Sun spots, solar cycles
- 96.60.qe Flares
- 96.90.+c Other topics on the Solar system and planetology
97.00.00 Stars
- 97.10.−q Stellar characteristics and properties
- 97.10.Bt Star formation
- 97.10.Cv Stellar structure, interiors, evolution, nucleosynthesis, ages
- 97.10.Ex Stellar atmospheres (photospheres, chromospheres, coronae, magnetospheres); radiative transfer; opacity and line formation
- 97.10.Fy Circumstellar shells, clouds, and expanding envelopes; circumstellar masers
- 97.10.Gz Accretion and accretion disks
- 97.10.Kc Stellar rotation
- 97.10.Ld Magnetic and electric fields; polarization of starlight
- 97.10.Nf Masses
- 97.10.Ri Luminosities; magnitudes; effective temperatures, colors, and spectral classification
- 97.10.Sj Pulsations, oscillations, and stellar seismology
- 97.10.Tk Abundances, chemical composition
- 97.10.Vm Distances, parallaxes
- 97.20.−w Normal stars (by class): general or individual
- 97.20.Ec Main-sequence: early-type stars (O and B)
- 97.20.Li Giant and subgiant stars
- 97.20.Pm Supergiant stars
- 97.20.Rp Faint blue stars
- 97.21.+a Pre-main sequence objects, young stellar objects
- 97.30.Dg Low-amplitude blue variables (alpha Cygni, beta Cephei, delta Scuti, delta Delphini, delta Canis Majoris, SX Phoenicius, etc.)
- 97.30.Eh Emission-line stars (Of, Be, Luminous Blue Variables, Wolf-Rayet, etc.)
- 97.30.Fi Chemically peculiar stars (Ap, Am, etc.)
- 97.30.Kn RR Lyrae stars; RV Tauri and PV Telescopii variables
- 97.30.Nr Flare stars (UV Ceti, RS Canum Venaticorum, FU Orionis, R Coronae Borealis variables, etc.)
- 97.30.Qt Novae, dwarf novae, recurrent novae, and other cataclysmic
- 97.60.Bw Supernovae
- 97.60.Gb Pulsars
- 97.60.Jd Neutron stars
- 97.60.Lf Black holes
- 97.80.−d Binary and multiple stars
- 97.80.Fk Spectroscopic binaries; close binaries
- 97.80.Gm Cataclysmic binaries
- 97.80.Hn Eclipsing binaries
- 97.80.Jp X-ray binaries
98.00.00 Stellar systems; interstellar medium; galactic and extragalactic objects and systems; the universe
- 98.35.−a Characteristics and properties of the Milky Way galaxy
- 98.35.Ac Origin, formation, evolution, age, and star formation
- 98.35.Df Kinematics, dynamics, and rotation
- 98.35.Eg Electric and magnetic fields
- 98.35.Hj Spiral arms and galactic disk
- 98.35.Jk Galactic center, bar, circumnuclear matter, and bulge (including black hole and distance measurements)
- 98.38.−j Interstellar medium (ISM) and nebulae in Milky Way
- 98.38.Am Physical properties (abundances, electron density, magnetic fields, scintillation, scattering, kinematics, dynamics, turbulence, etc.)
- 98.38.Bn Atomic, molecular, chemical, and grain processes
- 98.38.Er Interstellar masers
- 98.38.Jw Infrared emission
- 98.38.Kx Intercloud medium (ICM); hot and highly ionized gas; bubbles
- 98.38.Ly Planetary nebulae
- 98.38.Mz Supernova remnants
- 98.52.Nr Spiral galaxies
- 98.54.−h Quasars; active or peculiar galaxies, objects, and systems
- 98.54.Aj Quasars
- 98.54.Cm Active and peculiar galaxies and related systems (including BL Lacertae objects, blazars, Seyfert galaxies, Markarian galaxies, and active galactic nuclei)
- 98.54.Ep Starburst galaxies and infrared excess galaxies
- 98.54.Gr Radio galaxies
- 98.56.Si Magellanic Clouds and other irregular galaxies
- 98.56.Wm Dwarf galaxies (elliptical, irregular, and spheroidal)
- 98.58.−w Interstellar medium (ISM) and nebulae in external galaxies
- 98.58.Bz Atomic, molecular, chemical, and grain processes
- 98.58.Ca Interstellar dust grains; diffuse emission; infrared cirrus
- 98.58.Db Molecular clouds, H2 clouds, dense clouds, and dark clouds
- 98.58.Hf H II regions; emission and reflection nebulae
- 98.58.Kh Intercloud medium (ICM); hot and highly ionized gas; bubbles
- 98.58.Li Planetary nebulae
- 98.58.Mj Supernova remnants
- 98.62.Ai Origin, formation, evolution, age, and star formation
- 98.62.Dm Kinematics, dynamics, and rotation
- 98.62.Gq Galactic halos
- 98.62.Hr Spiral arms and bars; galactic disks
- 98.62.Js Galactic nuclei (including black holes), circumnuclear matter, and bulges
- 98.62.Mw Infall, accretion, and accretion disks
- 98.62.Py Distances, redshifts, radial velocities; spatial distribution of galaxies
- 98.62.Ra Intergalactic matter; quasar absorption and emission-line systems; Lyman forest
- 98.62.Sb Gravitational lenses and luminous arcs
- 98.65.−r Galaxy groups, clusters, and superclusters; large scale structure of the Universe
- 98.65.Cw Galaxy clusters
- 98.65.Dx Superclusters; large-scale structure of the Universe (including voids, pancakes, great wall, etc.)
- 98.70.−f Unidentified sources of radiation outside the Solar System
- 98.70.Dk Radio sources
- 98.70.Lt IR sources
- 98.70.Qy X-ray sources; X-ray bursts
- 98.70.Rz γ-ray sources; γ-ray bursts
- 98.70.Sa Cosmic rays
- 98.70.Vc Background radiations
- 98.80.−k Cosmology
- 98.80.Bp Origin and formation of the Universe
- 98.80.Cq Particle-theory and field-theory models of the early Universe (including cosmic pancakes, cosmic strings, chaotic phenomena, inflationary universe, etc.)
- 98.80.Es Observational cosmology (including Hubble constant, distance scale, cosmological constant, early Universe, etc)
- 98.80.Ft Origin, formation, and abundances of the elements
- 98.80.Jk Mathematical and relativistic aspects of cosmology
- 98.80.Qc Quantum cosmology
99.00.00
- 99.10.Cd Errata
- 99.10.Np Editorial note
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