Wednesday, February 24, 2021
تناظرات الدورانات و لورنتز و المتقطعة و بوانكريه قريبا على اليوتوب ان شاء الله
Tuesday, February 16, 2021
باولى الرهيب
أهم اكتشافات فيزياء الجسيمات فى رأيى
Monday, February 15, 2021
نموذج الكوارك
Sunday, February 14, 2021
Thursday, February 11, 2021
EPR-Bohm-Bell
Tuesday, February 9, 2021
Bell's theorem2| مبرهنة بال 2: مسلمات اينشتاين-بودولسكى-روزن و متراجحة بال
Bell's theorem
EPR-Bohm Experiment
A pion decays at rest: $\pi^0\longrightarrow e^-+e^+$.
The pair electron-positron is maximally entangled in the singlet state (linear superposition):
\begin{eqnarray}|e^-e^+\rangle&=&\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|+\rangle|-\rangle-|-\rangle|+\rangle)\nonumber\\&=&\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|+\rangle_x|-\rangle_x-|-\rangle_x|+\rangle_x).\end{eqnarray}
Let us suppose that the measurement of the spin $S_z$ by Alice leads to the state:
\[|+\rangle|-\rangle=|+\rangle\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|+\rangle_x-|-\rangle_x).\]
The measurement of the spin $S_z$ by Bob is unecesseary and Bob can instead measure the spin $S_x$. Bob can then determined the two spins $S_z$ and $S_x$ at the same time which is forbidden by Heisenberg's uncertainty principle since the operators $S_z$ and $S_x$ are incompatible.
This is the paradox and quantum mechanics is incomplete.
Classical Realism
$\lambda$: hidden variable.
Probability density $\rho(\lambda)$ : $\rho(\lambda)>0$ , $\int \rho(\lambda)d\lambda=1$.
Local Causality (Free Will)
Measurement Alice $\vec{a}$.
Measurement Bob $\vec{b}$.
$\vec{a}$, $\vec{b}$ are freely and independently chosen.
Alice: $ S_a=\pm 1$....$f(\vec{a},\lambda)=\pm 1$.
Bob: $S_b=\pm 1$...$g(\vec{b},\lambda)=\pm 1$.
If $\vec{b}=\vec{a}$....$g(\vec{a},\lambda)=-f(\vec{a},\lambda)$.
Expected value of product of Alice and Bob measurements:
\begin{eqnarray}P(a,b)&=& \int f(\vec{a},\lambda)g(\vec{b},\lambda) \rho(\lambda)d\lambda\nonumber\\&=&-\int f(\vec{a},\lambda)f(\vec{b},\lambda) \rho(\lambda)d\lambda\nonumber\\\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray} P(a,b)-P(a,c)&=&-\int \bigg[f(\vec{a},\lambda)f(\vec{b},\lambda)-f(\vec{a},\lambda)f(\vec{c},\lambda)\bigg] \rho(\lambda)d\lambda\nonumber\\&=&-\int f(\vec{a},\lambda)f(\vec{b},\lambda)\bigg[1-f(\vec{b},\lambda)f(\vec{c},\lambda)\bigg] \rho(\lambda)d\lambda\nonumber\\\end{eqnarray}
\[-1\leq f(\vec{a},\lambda)f(\vec{b},\lambda)\leq 1\Rightarrow 0\leq 1-f(\vec{a},\lambda)f(\vec{b},\lambda)\leq 2\]
Bell's inequality (hidden variables):
\begin{eqnarray} |P(a,b)-P(a,c)|&\leq &\int |f(\vec{a},\lambda)f(\vec{b},\lambda)|\bigg[1-f(\vec{b},\lambda)f(\vec{c},\lambda)\bigg] \rho(\lambda)d\lambda\nonumber\\&\leq &\int \bigg[1-f(\vec{b},\lambda)f(\vec{c},\lambda)\bigg] \rho(\lambda)d\lambda\nonumber\\&\leq & 1+P(b,c).\end{eqnarray}
Quantum Mechanics:
\begin{eqnarray}P(a,b)=-\vec{a}.\vec{b}.\end{eqnarray}
مبرهنة بال 1: حل التمرين 4.44 من كتاب غريفيث حول الميكانيك الكمومى
Saturday, February 6, 2021
AdS spacetime|AdS فضاء-زمن

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